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2011年10月11日 星期二
2011年8月23日 星期二
2011年8月2日 星期二
Applying Cognitive-Social Theory to Health-Protective Behavior:Breast Self-Examination in Cancer Screening心得
This article applies recent developments in cognitive-social theory to health-protective behavior, articulating a Cognitive-Social Health Information Processing (C-SHIP) model. This model of the
genesis and maintenance of health-protective behavior focuses on the individual's encodings and construals, expectancies, affects, goals and values, self-regulatory competencies, and their interactions with each other and the health-relevant information in the course of cognitive-affective processing.
In processing health information, individuals are assumed to differ in both the accessibility of these mental representations and the organization of relationships among them.
In this article, the model is applied to analyze and integrate the often-confusing findings on breast self-examination in cancer screening. Implications are considered for assessments and interventions to enhance adherence to complex, long-term, health-protective regimens, tailored to the needs and characteristics of
the individual.
本文適用於最新發展的認知 - 社會理論與健康保護的行為，闡述了認知 - 社會健康信息處理（C - SHIP）模型。這種模式的
成因和維護健康的保護行為的重點是個人的編碼和構念，預期，影響，目標和價值觀，自我監管能力，以及它們之間的相互作用與相互的健康相關的信息在使用過程中的認知，情感處理。
在處理健康信息，個人被假定為在兩個不同的可訪問的這些心理交涉和組織的關係當中。
在這篇文章中，該模型適用於分析和整合經常令人困惑的發現對乳腺癌自我檢查癌症的篩查。影響被認為是評估和干預，以提高遵守複雜，長期，健康的保護方案，量身定制的需要和特點
個人。
genesis and maintenance of health-protective behavior focuses on the individual's encodings and construals, expectancies, affects, goals and values, self-regulatory competencies, and their interactions with each other and the health-relevant information in the course of cognitive-affective processing.
In processing health information, individuals are assumed to differ in both the accessibility of these mental representations and the organization of relationships among them.
In this article, the model is applied to analyze and integrate the often-confusing findings on breast self-examination in cancer screening. Implications are considered for assessments and interventions to enhance adherence to complex, long-term, health-protective regimens, tailored to the needs and characteristics of
the individual.
本文適用於最新發展的認知 - 社會理論與健康保護的行為，闡述了認知 - 社會健康信息處理（C - SHIP）模型。這種模式的
成因和維護健康的保護行為的重點是個人的編碼和構念，預期，影響，目標和價值觀，自我監管能力，以及它們之間的相互作用與相互的健康相關的信息在使用過程中的認知，情感處理。
在處理健康信息，個人被假定為在兩個不同的可訪問的這些心理交涉和組織的關係當中。
在這篇文章中，該模型適用於分析和整合經常令人困惑的發現對乳腺癌自我檢查癌症的篩查。影響被認為是評估和干預，以提高遵守複雜，長期，健康的保護方案，量身定制的需要和特點
個人。
2011年7月31日 星期日
An Application of the Cognitive-Social Health Information Processing (C-SHIP) Model心得
摘要
Little research has examined the antecedent characteristics of patients most likely to seek online cancer information.
This study employs the Cognitive-Social Health Information Processing (C-SHIP) model as a framework to understand what psychosocial characteristics precede online cancer-related information seeking among rural breast cancer patients who often have fewer health care providers and limited local support services.
Examining 144 patients who were provided free computer hardware, Internet access, and training for how to use an interactive cancer communication system, pretest survey scores indicating patients’ psychosocial status were correlated with specific online cancer information seeking behaviors.
Each of the factors specified by the C-SHIP model had significant relationships with online cancer information seeking behaviors, with the strongest findings emerging for cancer relevant encodings and self-construals, cancer-relevant beliefs and expectancies, and cancerrelevant self-regulatory competencies and skills.
Specifically, patients with more negative appraisals in these domains were more likely to seek out online cancer information.
Additionally, antecedent variables associated with the C-SHIP model had more frequent relationships with experiential information as compared with to didactic information.
This study supports the applicability of the model to discern why people afflicted with cancer may seek online information to cope with their disease.
小研究審查了先行特徵的患者最有可能尋求在線癌症的信息。
這項研究採用了認知社會健康信息處理（C - SHIP）模型作為一個框架，以了解心理特徵之前網上癌症相關的信息尋求農村乳腺癌患者誰往往有較少的健康保健提供者和有限的本地支持服務。
檢查144例誰是免費提供的計算機硬件，互聯網接入，並培訓如何使用交互式癌症通信系統，前測調查分數說明病人的心理社會地位的高低與特定癌症信息網上尋求行為。
每個因素指定的C -戰艦模型有明顯的關係與在線癌症信息尋求行為，與新發現的最強的癌症相關的編碼和自我構，癌症相關的信念和預期，與癌症相關的自律能力和技能。
具體來說，病人更多的負面評價在這些領域更可能尋求在線癌症信息。
此外，前因變量與 C型戰艦模型有更頻繁的關係與經驗與信息，以教學信息。
這項研究支持了該模型的適用性辨別為何人患有癌症可能尋求網上信息，以應付他們的疾病。
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer death in women according to 2007 estimates by the American Cancer Society.
Researchers have emphasized the importance of exploring the different contexts in which people use health information (Ziebland, 2004).
Currently, many breast cancer patients are turning to the Internet for health education and support. In a national study, the National Cancer Institute found that 56.5% of breast cancer patients who have been online have visited an Internet site specifically to learn about cancer (Nelson et al., 2004).
Additional analysis of this same dataset found that among women who have had breast cancer, the Internet is second only to their health care providers in terms of where they would go first if they had a strong need to get information about cancer (Shaw, Han, Hawkins et al., 2006).
簡介
乳腺癌是最常見的癌症，在美國和第二大癌症死亡原因的婦女據估計到2007年由美國癌症協會。
研究人員強調了重要性，探索不同的上下文中，人們使用健康信息（Ziebland，2004）。
目前，許多乳腺癌患者正在轉向互聯網進行健康教育和支持。在一個全國性的研究，美國國家癌症研究所發現，56.5％的乳腺癌患者誰已經訪問了一個互聯網在線網站專門了解癌症（納爾遜等人，2004年）。
其他分析發現，同樣的數據集婦女誰曾乳腺癌，互聯網是僅次於他們的衛生保健提供者而言，他們會去的第一個，如果他們有強烈的需要獲得有關癌症（肖，漢，霍金斯等人，2006年）。
Not only are patients seeking information on the Internet, but research also shows that such behavior can contribute to improved learning outcomes (Gustafson et al., 2001, 2005; Shaw, Han, Baker et al., 2006a).
Little research, however, has examined the antecedent characteristics of people who are most likely to seek online cancer information.
Additionally, we are not aware of any extant research exploring the characteristics that precede who searches for what topics of online cancer information.
While numerous cancer-related topics are available online including medical, psychosocial, and practical concerns, not all of these topics are relevant to all information seekers.
Finally, cancer patients can seek out information in different forms, including either didactic, fact-based forms, or experiential, narrative forms (i.e., learning how other patients have coped with their treatments and their side effects).
Again, no published research thus far has examined the characteristics of those who seek out didactic versus experiential online cancer information.
不僅是患者在因特網上尋找信息，但研究也表明，這種行為可以有助於提高學習效果（古斯塔夫森等人，2001年，2005年，邵逸夫，漢，貝克等人，2006年a）。
小研究，但是，審查了先行特徵的人誰是最有可能尋求在線癌症的信息。
此外，我們不知道任何現存的研究探索的特點，先搜索哪些議題誰在線癌症信息。
雖然許多癌症相關的話題在網上提供包括醫療，心理和實際問題，並非所有這些主題相關的所有信息搜索者。
最後，癌症病人可以尋找信息以不同的形式，包括任何說教，以事實為基礎的形式，或體驗，敘事形式（即，學習如何應付與其他病人的治療和其副作用）。
同樣，沒有發表的研究迄今已研究的特點，那些誰尋求教學與體驗網上癌症信息。
Importantly, though cancer is difficult for anyone experiencing it, rural residents face additional challenges endemic to rural life including fewer health care providers and limited local information resources and community support services (Engelman et al., 2005).
More granular research in examining antecedent characteristics of cancer information seeking among rural cancer patients could provide useful insights to improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.
重要的是，雖然癌症是它遇到困難的人，農村居民面臨更多的挑戰特有的農村生活，包括減少衛生保健提供者和信息資源有限的地方和社區支援服務（Engelman等，2005）。
更精細的研究，研究先行特徵的癌症信息尋求農村癌症病人可以提供有益的見解，改善預後這個弱勢群體。
Theoretical Framework: The C-SHIP Model
To examine what psychosocial characteristics are important for understanding online cancer-related information seeking, we employ the C-SHIP model as our conceptual framework.
The C-SHIP model integrates constructs relevant to health information seeking used in the many theoretical models within the fields of health, social, personality, cognitive, clinical, and developmental psychology (Miller, Shoda, & Hurley, 1996).
Using the overarching social–cognitive perspective (Bandura, 1986; Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Mischel, 1973, 1990; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), the C-SHIP model draws from established concepts and findings from the broader field of psychology to identify cognitive–affective units in health information processing.
Contributing concepts include strategies for encoding health information (Gritz & Bastani, 1993; Leventhal, 1970; Leventhal, Suls, & Leventhal, 1993); self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986); expectancy and value constructs in the health belief model (Becker, 1974), protection motivation theory (Maddux & Rogers, 1983), the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985); and affects and emotions (Salovey & Birnbaum, 1989; Smith & Lazarus, 1990).
理論框架：C -船模
要研究哪些是重要的心理特徵了解網上癌症相關資訊尋求，我們採用了C -戰艦模型作為我們的概念框架。
這架C -戰艦模型集成結構相關的健康信息尋求用在許多領域內的理論模型的健康，社會，人格，認知，臨床和發展心理學（米勒，莊田，與赫爾利，1996）。
使用總體社會認知的角度（班杜拉，1986;康托和Kihlstrom，1987;米契爾，1973年，1990年;米契爾和莊田，1995年），C -戰艦模型吸引了來自確定的概念和結論，從更廣泛的領域的心理，以確定認知情感的單位在衛生信息的處理。
特約概念包括戰略衛生信息編碼（Gritz＆Bastani，1993;利文撒爾，1970;多囊卵巢，Suls，和利文撒爾，1993），自我效能（班杜拉，1986）;期望和價值結構的健康信念模式（貝克爾， 1974年），保護動機理論（Maddux和羅傑斯，1983），理性行為理論（Ajzen＆菲斯，1980），並計劃行為理論（Ajzen，1985），以及影響和情感（沙洛維及伯恩鮑姆，1989;史密斯和拉撒路，1990）。
The C-SHIP model identifies the following cognitive–affective units in health information processing:
(1) health relevant encodings;
(2) health beliefs and expectancies;
(3) affects;
(4) health goals and values; and
(5) self-regulatory competencies and skills (Miller et al., 1996; Miller, Fang, Diefenbach, & Bales, 2001).
This model posits that individuals differ with regards to both the particular cognitive–affective units (i.e., their beliefs, values, emotions, goals, competencies) and the dynamic processes through which these units interact with one another to generate health-related behavior, in this case online cancer information seeking.
The C-SHIP model emphasizes the important psychosocial features of the particular situation as perceived and interpreted by the individual.
This model has been used to explain how these constructs interact to bring about health protective behaviors (i.e., breast self-exam).
The current study extends the C-SHIP model beyond health-protective behavior.
For this study, we apply the C-SHIP model to examine how these constructs may be activated during a health crisis.
We use this framework to investigate the relevance of these constructs in influencing cancer-related information seeking of rural women in the aftermath of their breast cancer diagnosis.
這架C -戰艦模型確定了以下認知情感的單位在衛生信息處理：
（1）健康相關的編碼;
（2）健康的信念和預期;
（3）影響;
（4）健康的目標和價值觀;
（5）自我監管能力和技能（米勒等人，1996;米勒，方，迪芬巴赫，和包，2001年）。
該模型假定，個人不同的問候都特別的認知，情感單位（即，他們的信仰，價值觀，情感，目標，能力）和動態過程，通過這些單位彼此互動，以產生與健康有關的行為，這種情況下，網上癌症信息尋找。
這架C - SHIP模式強調的重要心理特點的特殊形勢感知和解釋個人。
該模型已被用來解釋這些結構相互作用，帶來健康保護行為（即乳房自我檢查）。
目前的研究擴展了C -戰艦模型超越衛生防護行為。
在這項研究中，我們採用了C - SHIP模型來研究如何激活這些結構可能是在一個健康危機。
我們用這個框架來探討相關的這些結構在影響癌症相關的信息尋求農村婦女在後的乳腺癌的診斷。
By emphasizing the unique individual and situational contexts relevant to information processing, the C-SHIP model calls for assessments of expectations, beliefs, and affects that are situation and behavior specific, rather than global characteristics.
For our analysis, we chose the following constructs based on their representation of one of the five C-SHIP cognitive–affective units as well as for their ability to address individual or behavioral-specific contexts.
通過強調個人的獨特背景和情境相關的信息處理，C - SHIP模式要求評估的預期，信心，並影響該行為的情況和具體的，而不是全球性的特點。
對於我們的分析，我們選擇了以下的結構根據其代表性之一的五C - SHIP認知，情意單位以及個人的能力或行為，以解決特定的背景。
Cancer-Relevant Encodings and Self-Construals.
This group of factors includes strategies and constructs involved in the appraisal of one’s own health and illness (Miller et al., 2001).
In our study, one’s level of life functioning represents this category.
Life functioning is a general marker of how an illness impacts one’s daily experience.
Level of functioning may influence one’s sense of activation for
pro-health behaviors in one of two possible directions.
Information may be a vital resource for making changes to improve treatment side effects, or making lifestyle changes to cope with disability brought on by illness.
Alternatively, reduced functioning may impair the patient’s ability to utilize available online health information.
癌症相關的編碼和自我構。
這個小組的因素包括戰略和結構參與評價自己的健康和疾病（Miller等，2001）。
在我們的研究，一個人的水平生活的功能代表這一類。
生命的運作是一個普遍的一種疾病的標記如何影響一個人的日常經驗。
等級功能可能會影響一個人的意識活化親健康行為中有兩種可能的方向。
可能是一個重要的信息資源進行更改，以提高治療的副作用，或使生活方式的改變，以應付殘疾帶來的疾病。
另外，降低運作可能會損害病人的能力，利用網上提供的健康信息。
Cancer-Relevant Beliefs and Expectancies.
This category includes expectations activated while processing health-related information (Miller et al., 2001).
Perceptions of self-efficacy in dealing with one’s cancer situation are a key cognitive mechanism influencing illness adjustment (for a review see Case, Andrews, Johnson, & Allard, 2005).
Accordingly, those with higher self-efficacy may have a greater sense of competence to use cancer-related information and would be more likely to utilize information in adapting to cancer.
Low self-efficacy, in this case belief in the futility of treatment, feeling powerless, or feeling unable to have an influence in one’s health or care outcomes, can lead to less information seeking and higher anxiety (Becker & Rosenstock, 1989; Katz, 1968; Lichter, 1987).
An alternative perspective, however, would suggest that patients could seek out cancer information as a coping mechanism to build up their sense of efficacy to help them in their struggle with breast cancer (Ziebland et al., 2004).
癌症相關的信念和預期。
這一類包括預期激活在處理與健康有關的信息（Miller等，2001）。
知覺的自我效能感在處理與人的癌症的情況是一個重要的認知機制影響疾病的調整（見案例進行檢討，安德魯斯，約翰遜和阿拉德，2005）。
因此，那些具有較高的自我效能感可能有更大的權限使用的癌症相關的信息，將更有可能利用信息在適應癌症。
低自我效能感，在這種情況下，相信在徒勞的治療，感覺力不從心，或感覺不能有一個影響人的健康或保健效果，可能會導致更少的信息要求和更高的焦慮（貝克爾和羅森斯托克，1989;卡茨1968年，Lichter，1987）。
另一種觀點，但是，這表明，癌症病人可以尋求信息作為一種應對機制，以建立自己的意識的療效，以幫助他們在他們的奮鬥與乳腺癌（Ziebland等，2004）。
Cancer-Relevant Affects.
Factors in this group include affective states that are activated when processing cancer-related information (Miller et al., 2001), and influence subsequent information processing related to the cancer experience.
Psychological adjustment affects the degree to which a cancer patient seeks information about her illness (Harris, 1998).
Greater emotional difficulty, assessed here as lower levels of emotional well-being and higher levels of negative emotions, may cue the need for information to make personal changes or receive validation for one’s experience, therefore motivating cancer information seeking.
Clinical levels of negative affect, characterized by despair, low motivation and low initiation of activity, and fatigue, however, may impair one’s capacity to seek helpful resources.
The literature depicts mixed findings for the effect of mood on information seeking.
In a general sample, Cotton and Gupta (2004) found that happier people were more likely to look online for health information.
For breast cancer patients, low levels of mental health predicted
greater use of the Internet for health-related reasons (Bowen et al., 2003).
Cancer-related anxiety has been found both to be associated with less information seeking (Pifalo, Hollander, Henderson, DeSalvo, & Gill, 1997; Wilkinson & Wilson, 1983) and with greater information seeking (Manfredi, Czaja, Buis, & Derk, 1993).
Such mixed findings illustrate the importance of context-relevant assessment emphasized in the C-SHIP model.
癌症相關的影響。
本組的因素包括情感狀態被激活時，處理癌症相關的信息（Miller等，2001），並影響以後的信息處理有關的癌症的經驗。
心理調整影響的程度，一個癌症病人尋求有關她的病（哈里斯，1998）。
難度大的情感，評估這裡下級情緒福祉和更高層次的負面情緒，可能會提示需要對信息做出修改或接收驗證個人為自己的經驗，因此激勵癌症信息尋找。
臨床水平的負面影響，
特點是絕望，低動機，低啟動活動，和疲勞，
不過，可能會損害一個人的能力，以尋求有用的資源。文獻描述
混合結果的影響情緒上的信息尋找。在一般的樣品，
棉花和Gupta（2004）發現，快樂的人更容易上網查閱
衛生信息。對於乳腺癌患者中，低層次的心理健康預測
更多地使用互聯網的健康有關的原因（鮑文等人，2003年）。
癌症相關的焦慮已發現既要與較少的信息
求（Pifalo，霍蘭德，恆基兆業，DeSalvo，與吉爾，1997;威爾金森和威爾遜，
1983年）和尋求更多的信息（曼弗雷迪，Czaja，Buis，與 Derk，1993）。
這種混合的結果說明了重要的上下文相關的評估強調
在C型戰艦模型。
Cancer-Relevant Goals and Values.
This category includes desired and valued health outcomes along with their relative subjective importance (Miller et al., 2001).
Once one is diagnosed with cancer, specific health and treatment related goals likely emerge.
For some, their goal may be to fight the cancer to the very end, ‘‘leaving no stone unturned’’ as they try a variety of clinical trials in the face of standard treatment failure.
Others may find at some point they prioritize quality over quantity
of life, and seek palliative treatment.
Some patients may strive to remain active in treatment decisions, whereas others prefer to defer decision-making to their clinicians.
Medical information seeking has been found to be motivated by a desire to be involved with treatment decision making (Degner et al., 1997).
癌症相關的目標和價值。
這一類包括理想和價值的健康結果以及它們的相對主觀的重要性（Miller等，2001）。
當一個被診斷出患有癌症，健康和治療相關的具體目標有可能出現。
一些人認為，他們的目標可能是癌症的鬥爭進行到底，不留千方百計''''，因為他們嘗試各種臨床試驗中，面對標準治療失敗。
其他人可能會發現在某些時候，他們優先考慮質量而不是數量
生活，並尋求姑息治療。
有些病人可能努力保持積極治療的決定，而其他人則傾向於推遲決策的臨床醫生。
尋求醫療信息已被發現是出於這樣一種願望，參與治療決策（Degner等，1997）。
Cancer-Relevant Self-Regulatory Competencies and Skills.
This group of factors includes knowledge and strategies used for dealing with barriers to disease-managing behaviors (Miller et al., 2001).
A patient’s competency in seeking cancer-related information can be determined largely by her competence in participating in her health care and utilizing information, as well as by actual and perceived barriers to information.
Previous research demonstrated that both perceived health competence and participation in health care are associated with a greater desire for and use of health information (Ziebland, 2004).
Studies primarily have been cross-sectional and correlational in nature, however, therefore, the direction of this relationship remains unclear.
A sense of competence in participating in health care may serve as the foundation for information-seeking behavior that complements existing health care participation (Kivits, 2006).
Alternatively, it has been postulated that patients’ optimal participation in their health care necessitates having appropriate information (Fallowfield, 2001; Wallberg, 2000).
Accordingly, patients may actively seek out cancer information to increase their sense of competence in participating in their health care (Ziebland et al., 2004).
Furthermore, those who have experienced barriers to receiving information within the health care system, due to cost or a lack of knowledge or time, may welcome a cancer information resource that is easy to use, convenient, and available for free (Pandey, Hart, & Tiwary, 2003).
癌症相關的自律能力和技能。
這個小組的因素包括知識和策略用於處理障礙疾病管理的行為（Miller等，2001）。
病人的能力，尋求與癌症相關的信息可以在很大程度上取決於她的能力在參加她的健康保健和利用信息，以及通過實際的和知覺障礙的信息。
此前的研究表明，無論自覺健康的能力和參與衛生保健是與一個更大的願望和使用衛生信息（Ziebland，2004）。
主要研究了橫截面和相關性的性質，但是，因此，這種關係的方向仍不清楚。
感能力在參與衛生保健可以作為基礎的信息尋求行為，補充現有的醫療參與（Kivits，2006）。
另外，它被假設病人的最佳參與他們的衛生保健就必須有相應的信息（法洛菲爾德，2001; Wallberg，2000）。
因此，患者可能會積極尋求癌症信息意識，提高他們的能力在參與他們的衛生保健（Ziebland等，2004）。
此外，那些有經驗的障礙，誰接收的信息在衛生保健系統，由於成本或缺乏知識或時間，可能歡迎癌症信息資源，易於使用，方便，可免費（潘迪，哈特， ＆Tiwary，2003）。
The literature has shown that social support has a strong impact on how people cope with cancer, as it can serve as both a source of information and validation.
Provision of information is one of the defining attributes of social support (Langford, Hinson, Bowsher, Maloney, & Lillis, 1997). Social support networks of friends and family serve as resources for providing information and directing information seeking (Basch, Thaler, Shi, Yakren, & Schrag, 2004; Coulton, 1990; Echlin & Rees, 2002; Elf & Wikblad, 2001; Johnson & Meischke, 1993).
Accordingly, individuals who lack such social support may need to seek information in other venues such as the Internet.
文獻表明，社會支持具有較強影響人們如何應對癌症，因為它可以作為兩個來源的信息和驗證。
提供信息是其中一個定義屬性，社會支持（蘭福德，辛森，Bowsher，馬宏升，與利利斯，1997）。社會支持網絡的朋友和家人作為資源提供信息和指導信息尋求（豹馳，泰勒，石，Yakren，與施拉格，2004; Coulton，1990年; Echlin和里斯，2002;精靈＆Wikblad，2001;強 Meischke ，1993）。
因此，個人誰沒有這樣的社會支持可能需要尋求信息在其他場地，如互聯網。
Cancer Information: Source and Content Structure
Previous studies using cross-sectional self-report methodologies have played an important role in helping to understand cancer patients’ information seeking preferences and intended behaviors.
The most valid indicator of cancer information seeking behavior, however, is to measure what people actually do as compared with what they say they did or will do.
Our study was intended to contribute to the field by examining outcomes that represent actual online cancer information seeking behaviors of women using the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS) ‘‘Living with Breast Cancer’’ program, which is a comprehensive Interactive Cancer Communication System (ICCS) that has been found to be efficacious in numerous previous studies (Gustafson, 2003; Gustafson et al., 1993, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2005; Hawkins et al., 1997; McTavish et al., 1995; McTavish, Pingree, Hawkins, & Shaw, Gustafson et al., 2006; Shaw, Han, Baker et al., 2006; Shaw, Han, Hawkins et al., 2006; Shaw, Hawkins, McTavish, Pingree, & Gustafson, 2006; Shaw, McTavish, Hawkins, Gustafson, & Pingree, 2000; Taylor et al., 1994).
癌症信息：源和內容結構
以往的研究採用橫斷面自我報告的方法發揮了重要作用，有助於理解癌症病人的信息尋求行為偏好和意圖。
最有效的指標癌症信息尋求行為，然而，是衡量人們實際做的比他們說他們還是會做。
我們的研究是為了促進該領域通過檢查的結果，代表實際的在線癌症信息尋求行為的婦女使用的綜合保健增強支持系統（CHESS）''''生活乳腺癌計劃，這是一個綜合性交互式通信系統癌症（ICCS），它被認為是有效的在許多以往的研究（古斯塔夫森，2003;古斯塔夫森等，1993，1998，1999，2001，2002，2005;霍金斯等人，1997年;麥克塔維什等，1995;麥克塔維什，平格里，霍金斯，與肖，古斯塔夫森等人，2006年肖，漢，貝克等人，2006年肖，漢，霍金斯等人，2006年肖，霍金斯，麥克塔維什，平格里，與古斯塔夫森，2006年;肖，麥克塔維什，霍金斯，古斯塔夫森，與平格里，2000;泰勒等人，1994年）。
CHESS Content
CHESS is a web-based system that provides a range of conceptually distinct services to patients and their families.
Among other services, CHESS offers a large volume of breast cancer related information that is approximately equivalent in volume to a 1000-page book. The information is offered in different formats including didactic services such as short, easy-to-understand excerpts related to living with breast cancer as well as longer articles and resource guides.
Other services offer more experiential, narrative forms of information such as written accounts of how other women have coped with breast cancer and its treatments and video-based vignettes of patients sharing stories about coping with their illness. In this study, we examined three high-level information topics that subsume all of the information found within CHESS:
(1) medical information focusing on treatments and side effects;
(2) psychosocial information focusing on the emotional and social impact of cancer;
and (3) practical concerns focusing on the financial and legal ramifications of living with cancer.
CHESS內容
國際象棋是一個基於 Web的系統，它提供了一系列不同的服務概念為病人及其家屬。
在其他服務，CHESS提供了大量的乳腺癌有關的信息，大約相當於卷1000頁的書。提供的信息是在不同的格式，包括教學服務，如短，易於理解的摘錄有關生活與乳腺癌以及較長的文章和資源指南。
其他服務提供更多的經驗，敘事形式的書面信息，如帳戶如何應付其他婦女乳腺癌及其治療和基於視頻的插曲患者分享故事關於應對他們的病情。在這項研究中，我們審查了三個高層次的信息主題，所有的信息歸入內找到象棋：
（1）醫療信息集中在治療和副作用;
（2）心理信息側重於情感和社會影響的癌症;
（三）切實關注重點放在金融和法律後果的患有癌症。
CHESS Data
Data from a previous CHESS study provide a unique opportunity to examine how antecedent characteristics relate to the form and type of information rural breast cancer patients seek when provided with access to an ICCS.
In this study, cancer patients completed a survey before receiving the intervention.
They then were provided with a free computer, Internet access, and training on how to use the system.
CHESS use data were collected as participants used the website.
CHESS數據
數據從以前的CHESS研究提供了一個獨特的機會，探討如何與先前特點的形式和類型的信息，農村乳腺癌患者尋求時提供了訪問一個 ICCS。
在這項研究中，癌症患者完成的一項調查前接受干預。
然後，他們都提供了免費的電腦，互聯網接入和培訓如何使用該系統。
CHESS使用數據收集的參與者所使用的網站。
Research Aims
The C-SHIP model identifies five psychosocial factors relevant to health information seeking; however, the directions of these relationships are unclear based on the existing literature.
Using this model as a conceptual framework, we believe that the current study contributes to the field by investigating how these antecedent psychosocial factors relate to specific forms and topics of online cancer information seeking among rural breast cancer patients.
This research is exploratory in nature, offering an initial examination of antecedent pathways.
Accordingly, specific directional hypotheses are not proposed, and research questions are addressed instead.
研究的目的
這架C -戰艦模型確定了五個心理因素有關的健康資訊尋求，但是，方向不明確這些關係的基礎上，現有的文獻。
使用這個模型作為一個概念框架，我們認為，目前的研究有助於研究如何通過這些領域的社會心理因素與先前的具體形式和主題的網上信息，尋求在農村癌症乳腺癌患者。
這項研究是探索性的，提供初步審查前因途徑。
因此，具體的定向假說沒有提出和研究的問題得到解決，而不是。
Methods
Participants
The data analyzed in this study were collected as a part of a larger Digital Divide Pilot Project (DDPP) in which underserved breast cancer patients in rural Wisconsin were given access to CHESS for 4 months (Gustafson, McTavish, Stengle et al., 2005a; Gustafson, McTavish, Stengle et al., 2005b).
Both pretest and 4-month posttest surveys were conducted (92%retention rate from subjects initially enrolled).
The current study analyzed data exclusively from the pretest survey and use of the CHESS information services.
Recruitment was conducted between May 2001 and April 2003, and subjects were paid $15 for each completed survey.
方法
參加者
數據分析在這項研究中收集的一部分作為一個更大的數字鴻溝試點項目（DDPP），其中乳腺癌患者在缺醫少藥的農村威斯康星州獲准使用CHESS為4個月（古斯塔夫森，麥克塔維什，Stengle等人，2005年;古斯塔夫森，麥克塔維什，Stengle等人，2005年b）。
這兩種預試和4個月後測進行了調查（92％的保留率從最初參加科目）。
目前的研究分析數據完全由預試調查和利用國際象棋的信息服務。
招聘是2001年5月間進行2003年4月，和受試者支付15元每完成調查。
Study participants were identified through a variety of sources, including the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Information Service, the Medicaid program, hospitals and clinics, and public health departments.
Participants were eligible if they were at or below 250% of the federal poverty level, resided within one of 56 rural Wisconsin counties (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget criteria), were within one year of diagnosis of breast cancer or had metastatic breast cancer, were not homeless, and were able to read and understand an informed consent letter.
All study participants were lent a computer, given Internet access for 4 months, and received personal training in how to use the computer, the Internet, and, primarily, CHESS.
參與研究的人發現，通過各種渠道，包括美國國家癌症研究所的癌症信息服務，醫療補助計劃，醫院和診所，衛生部門。
參加者資格，如果他們在或低於250％的聯邦貧困水平，居住在威斯康星州的一個農村的56個縣（定義由辦公室管理和預算標準），一年內乳腺癌的診斷或已轉移乳腺癌，沒有無家可歸者，並能閱讀和理解知情同意書。
所有受試者都借給一台電腦，給上網4個月，並獲得了個人訓練中如何使用計算機，互聯網，以及為主，國際象棋。
Table 1 shows demographic and disease-related characteristics of this sample.
Study participants had a mean age of 51 years old, 67.4% of women were classified as having early stage breast cancer, and 57.7% had received at least some college education.
表1顯示了人口和疾病相關的特徵本樣本。
參與研究的有一個平均年齡51歲，67.4％的女性被歸類為早期乳腺癌，57.7％曾接受過至少一些大專以上學歷。
Measures
Besides basic demographic information, participants answered nine primary measures at the pretest level that were further categorized according to the constructs of the C-SHIP model, as listed in Table 2.
These measures have been widely tested and demonstrated in terms of reliability, validity, and responsiveness to clinical change (Brady et al., 1997; Gustafson et al., 2001, 2002, 2005).
The exact wording of all the items belonging to these scales is included in the Appendix.
For all measures, scores are calculated as averages across scale items.
措施
除了基本的人口統計信息，參與者回答9所小學措施，預試水平，進一步分類根據結構的C- SHIP模型，列於表2。
這些措施得到了廣泛的測試，並顯示出計算的可靠性，有效性和響應臨床變化（布雷迪等人，1997年;古斯塔夫森等人，2001年，2002年，2005年）。
確切的措辭都屬於這些項目規模包括在附錄。
對於所有措施，分數計算平均在規模的項目。
CHESS Information Services and Topic Use
To keep a record of patients’ CHESS use, a browser was developed by our research team automatically to collect use data at an individual keystroke level as participants used the system.
This capability enabled us to log each user’s code name, date, time spent, and URL of every web page requested from our web server database.
Seven CHESS use outcomes were included in the study and are described below: overall use of the information service component of CHESS as well as use of each of the two individual information service types, and overall use of the topics available as well as use of each of the three individual topics.
CHESS信息服務和使用主題
要保留記錄病人的CHESS使用，瀏覽器是由我們的研究小組使用的數據自動收集在單個擊鍵水平參與者使用該系統。
這種能力使我們能夠記錄每個用戶的代號，日期，所花費的時間和網址的每個網頁要求從我們的Web服務器數據庫。
七CHESS使用成果是包括在研究和介紹如下：整體採用的信息服務組件的國際象棋以及使用的每個兩個獨立的信息服務類型，整體採用現有的主題，以及使用每個三個人的主題。
Overall use of the Information Service component of CHESS was operationalized as total time spent (in minutes) browsing the following two types of information during the 4-month study period.
整體採用的信息服務組件是可操作性的國際象棋花費的總時間（分鐘）瀏覽以下兩種類型的信息在4個月的研究期間。
1. Didactic Services provide science-based information to convey facts, statistics, and a review of the state of knowledge related to breast cancer and related health care.
Examples include Questions and Answers (short answers to hundreds of frequently asked questions), Instant Library (full articles on breast cancer topics), Web Links (links to selected health-related Internet sites), Resource Directory (descriptions and contact instructions for breast cancer and social service organizations), and Dictionary (descriptions of medical and professional terms).
2. Experiential Services provide real-life text and video accounts of patients’ experiences with diagnosis, treatment decisions, and dealing with the physical, emotional, practical, and existential issues related to living with cancer.
Experiential services within CHESS include Consumer Guide (descriptions of available services, identifying a good provider, being an effective consumer of key health services), Video Gallery (video clips providing real-life accounts of people living with cancer), and Personal Stories (narrative text-based interview accounts of how others coped with breast cancer).
1。教學服務提供科學依據的信息傳達事實，統計數據，並審查國家的有關乳腺癌的知識和相關的健康護理。
例子包括問題和答案（簡短回答到數百常見問題），即時資料庫（完整的文章對乳腺癌主題），網站鏈接（鏈接到選定的健康相關的互聯網網站），資源目錄（描述和說明，對乳腺癌的聯繫和社會服務組織）和字典（說明醫療專業術語）。
2。體驗式服務提供了現實生活中的文字和視頻賬戶病人的經驗與診斷，治療決策，以及處理與物理，情感性，實踐性和存在的問題與患有癌症。
體驗式服務在國際象棋包括消費指南（說明可用的服務，確定了良好的供應商，作為一個有效的消費者的主要健康服務），視頻畫廊（視頻剪輯提供真實賬目的人患有癌症），以及個人的故事（敘事基於文本的採訪賬戶他人如何應付與乳腺癌）。
Overall use of the Topic component of CHESS was operationalized as total time spent (in minutes) in each of the following types of topics during the 4-month study period:
(1) psychosocial topics (information about psychological and social issues);
(2) practical topics (financial, work, and legal concerns);
(3) medical topics (18 breast cancer related topics including breast cancer basics, surgery [e.g., lumpectomy, mastectomy, etc.], and other treatment options [e.g., chemotherapy, radiation]).
整體採用的主題組件作為國際象棋是可操作性花費的總時間（分鐘）在每個以下類型的題目在4個月的研究期間：
（1）心理主題（有關心理和社會問題）;
（2）實踐課題（財務，工作和法律問題）;
（3）醫療議題（18乳腺癌有關的議題，包括乳腺癌基礎知識，手術[例如，乳房腫瘤切除術，切除等]，以及其他治療方案[例如，化療，放療]）。
Little research has examined the antecedent characteristics of patients most likely to seek online cancer information.
This study employs the Cognitive-Social Health Information Processing (C-SHIP) model as a framework to understand what psychosocial characteristics precede online cancer-related information seeking among rural breast cancer patients who often have fewer health care providers and limited local support services.
Examining 144 patients who were provided free computer hardware, Internet access, and training for how to use an interactive cancer communication system, pretest survey scores indicating patients’ psychosocial status were correlated with specific online cancer information seeking behaviors.
Each of the factors specified by the C-SHIP model had significant relationships with online cancer information seeking behaviors, with the strongest findings emerging for cancer relevant encodings and self-construals, cancer-relevant beliefs and expectancies, and cancerrelevant self-regulatory competencies and skills.
Specifically, patients with more negative appraisals in these domains were more likely to seek out online cancer information.
Additionally, antecedent variables associated with the C-SHIP model had more frequent relationships with experiential information as compared with to didactic information.
This study supports the applicability of the model to discern why people afflicted with cancer may seek online information to cope with their disease.
小研究審查了先行特徵的患者最有可能尋求在線癌症的信息。
這項研究採用了認知社會健康信息處理（C - SHIP）模型作為一個框架，以了解心理特徵之前網上癌症相關的信息尋求農村乳腺癌患者誰往往有較少的健康保健提供者和有限的本地支持服務。
檢查144例誰是免費提供的計算機硬件，互聯網接入，並培訓如何使用交互式癌症通信系統，前測調查分數說明病人的心理社會地位的高低與特定癌症信息網上尋求行為。
每個因素指定的C -戰艦模型有明顯的關係與在線癌症信息尋求行為，與新發現的最強的癌症相關的編碼和自我構，癌症相關的信念和預期，與癌症相關的自律能力和技能。
具體來說，病人更多的負面評價在這些領域更可能尋求在線癌症信息。
此外，前因變量與 C型戰艦模型有更頻繁的關係與經驗與信息，以教學信息。
這項研究支持了該模型的適用性辨別為何人患有癌症可能尋求網上信息，以應付他們的疾病。
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer death in women according to 2007 estimates by the American Cancer Society.
Researchers have emphasized the importance of exploring the different contexts in which people use health information (Ziebland, 2004).
Currently, many breast cancer patients are turning to the Internet for health education and support. In a national study, the National Cancer Institute found that 56.5% of breast cancer patients who have been online have visited an Internet site specifically to learn about cancer (Nelson et al., 2004).
Additional analysis of this same dataset found that among women who have had breast cancer, the Internet is second only to their health care providers in terms of where they would go first if they had a strong need to get information about cancer (Shaw, Han, Hawkins et al., 2006).
簡介
乳腺癌是最常見的癌症，在美國和第二大癌症死亡原因的婦女據估計到2007年由美國癌症協會。
研究人員強調了重要性，探索不同的上下文中，人們使用健康信息（Ziebland，2004）。
目前，許多乳腺癌患者正在轉向互聯網進行健康教育和支持。在一個全國性的研究，美國國家癌症研究所發現，56.5％的乳腺癌患者誰已經訪問了一個互聯網在線網站專門了解癌症（納爾遜等人，2004年）。
其他分析發現，同樣的數據集婦女誰曾乳腺癌，互聯網是僅次於他們的衛生保健提供者而言，他們會去的第一個，如果他們有強烈的需要獲得有關癌症（肖，漢，霍金斯等人，2006年）。
Not only are patients seeking information on the Internet, but research also shows that such behavior can contribute to improved learning outcomes (Gustafson et al., 2001, 2005; Shaw, Han, Baker et al., 2006a).
Little research, however, has examined the antecedent characteristics of people who are most likely to seek online cancer information.
Additionally, we are not aware of any extant research exploring the characteristics that precede who searches for what topics of online cancer information.
While numerous cancer-related topics are available online including medical, psychosocial, and practical concerns, not all of these topics are relevant to all information seekers.
Finally, cancer patients can seek out information in different forms, including either didactic, fact-based forms, or experiential, narrative forms (i.e., learning how other patients have coped with their treatments and their side effects).
Again, no published research thus far has examined the characteristics of those who seek out didactic versus experiential online cancer information.
不僅是患者在因特網上尋找信息，但研究也表明，這種行為可以有助於提高學習效果（古斯塔夫森等人，2001年，2005年，邵逸夫，漢，貝克等人，2006年a）。
小研究，但是，審查了先行特徵的人誰是最有可能尋求在線癌症的信息。
此外，我們不知道任何現存的研究探索的特點，先搜索哪些議題誰在線癌症信息。
雖然許多癌症相關的話題在網上提供包括醫療，心理和實際問題，並非所有這些主題相關的所有信息搜索者。
最後，癌症病人可以尋找信息以不同的形式，包括任何說教，以事實為基礎的形式，或體驗，敘事形式（即，學習如何應付與其他病人的治療和其副作用）。
同樣，沒有發表的研究迄今已研究的特點，那些誰尋求教學與體驗網上癌症信息。
Importantly, though cancer is difficult for anyone experiencing it, rural residents face additional challenges endemic to rural life including fewer health care providers and limited local information resources and community support services (Engelman et al., 2005).
More granular research in examining antecedent characteristics of cancer information seeking among rural cancer patients could provide useful insights to improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.
重要的是，雖然癌症是它遇到困難的人，農村居民面臨更多的挑戰特有的農村生活，包括減少衛生保健提供者和信息資源有限的地方和社區支援服務（Engelman等，2005）。
更精細的研究，研究先行特徵的癌症信息尋求農村癌症病人可以提供有益的見解，改善預後這個弱勢群體。
Theoretical Framework: The C-SHIP Model
To examine what psychosocial characteristics are important for understanding online cancer-related information seeking, we employ the C-SHIP model as our conceptual framework.
The C-SHIP model integrates constructs relevant to health information seeking used in the many theoretical models within the fields of health, social, personality, cognitive, clinical, and developmental psychology (Miller, Shoda, & Hurley, 1996).
Using the overarching social–cognitive perspective (Bandura, 1986; Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Mischel, 1973, 1990; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), the C-SHIP model draws from established concepts and findings from the broader field of psychology to identify cognitive–affective units in health information processing.
Contributing concepts include strategies for encoding health information (Gritz & Bastani, 1993; Leventhal, 1970; Leventhal, Suls, & Leventhal, 1993); self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986); expectancy and value constructs in the health belief model (Becker, 1974), protection motivation theory (Maddux & Rogers, 1983), the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985); and affects and emotions (Salovey & Birnbaum, 1989; Smith & Lazarus, 1990).
理論框架：C -船模
要研究哪些是重要的心理特徵了解網上癌症相關資訊尋求，我們採用了C -戰艦模型作為我們的概念框架。
這架C -戰艦模型集成結構相關的健康信息尋求用在許多領域內的理論模型的健康，社會，人格，認知，臨床和發展心理學（米勒，莊田，與赫爾利，1996）。
使用總體社會認知的角度（班杜拉，1986;康托和Kihlstrom，1987;米契爾，1973年，1990年;米契爾和莊田，1995年），C -戰艦模型吸引了來自確定的概念和結論，從更廣泛的領域的心理，以確定認知情感的單位在衛生信息的處理。
特約概念包括戰略衛生信息編碼（Gritz＆Bastani，1993;利文撒爾，1970;多囊卵巢，Suls，和利文撒爾，1993），自我效能（班杜拉，1986）;期望和價值結構的健康信念模式（貝克爾， 1974年），保護動機理論（Maddux和羅傑斯，1983），理性行為理論（Ajzen＆菲斯，1980），並計劃行為理論（Ajzen，1985），以及影響和情感（沙洛維及伯恩鮑姆，1989;史密斯和拉撒路，1990）。
The C-SHIP model identifies the following cognitive–affective units in health information processing:
(1) health relevant encodings;
(2) health beliefs and expectancies;
(3) affects;
(4) health goals and values; and
(5) self-regulatory competencies and skills (Miller et al., 1996; Miller, Fang, Diefenbach, & Bales, 2001).
This model posits that individuals differ with regards to both the particular cognitive–affective units (i.e., their beliefs, values, emotions, goals, competencies) and the dynamic processes through which these units interact with one another to generate health-related behavior, in this case online cancer information seeking.
The C-SHIP model emphasizes the important psychosocial features of the particular situation as perceived and interpreted by the individual.
This model has been used to explain how these constructs interact to bring about health protective behaviors (i.e., breast self-exam).
The current study extends the C-SHIP model beyond health-protective behavior.
For this study, we apply the C-SHIP model to examine how these constructs may be activated during a health crisis.
We use this framework to investigate the relevance of these constructs in influencing cancer-related information seeking of rural women in the aftermath of their breast cancer diagnosis.
這架C -戰艦模型確定了以下認知情感的單位在衛生信息處理：
（1）健康相關的編碼;
（2）健康的信念和預期;
（3）影響;
（4）健康的目標和價值觀;
（5）自我監管能力和技能（米勒等人，1996;米勒，方，迪芬巴赫，和包，2001年）。
該模型假定，個人不同的問候都特別的認知，情感單位（即，他們的信仰，價值觀，情感，目標，能力）和動態過程，通過這些單位彼此互動，以產生與健康有關的行為，這種情況下，網上癌症信息尋找。
這架C - SHIP模式強調的重要心理特點的特殊形勢感知和解釋個人。
該模型已被用來解釋這些結構相互作用，帶來健康保護行為（即乳房自我檢查）。
目前的研究擴展了C -戰艦模型超越衛生防護行為。
在這項研究中，我們採用了C - SHIP模型來研究如何激活這些結構可能是在一個健康危機。
我們用這個框架來探討相關的這些結構在影響癌症相關的信息尋求農村婦女在後的乳腺癌的診斷。
By emphasizing the unique individual and situational contexts relevant to information processing, the C-SHIP model calls for assessments of expectations, beliefs, and affects that are situation and behavior specific, rather than global characteristics.
For our analysis, we chose the following constructs based on their representation of one of the five C-SHIP cognitive–affective units as well as for their ability to address individual or behavioral-specific contexts.
通過強調個人的獨特背景和情境相關的信息處理，C - SHIP模式要求評估的預期，信心，並影響該行為的情況和具體的，而不是全球性的特點。
對於我們的分析，我們選擇了以下的結構根據其代表性之一的五C - SHIP認知，情意單位以及個人的能力或行為，以解決特定的背景。
Cancer-Relevant Encodings and Self-Construals.
This group of factors includes strategies and constructs involved in the appraisal of one’s own health and illness (Miller et al., 2001).
In our study, one’s level of life functioning represents this category.
Life functioning is a general marker of how an illness impacts one’s daily experience.
Level of functioning may influence one’s sense of activation for
pro-health behaviors in one of two possible directions.
Information may be a vital resource for making changes to improve treatment side effects, or making lifestyle changes to cope with disability brought on by illness.
Alternatively, reduced functioning may impair the patient’s ability to utilize available online health information.
癌症相關的編碼和自我構。
這個小組的因素包括戰略和結構參與評價自己的健康和疾病（Miller等，2001）。
在我們的研究，一個人的水平生活的功能代表這一類。
生命的運作是一個普遍的一種疾病的標記如何影響一個人的日常經驗。
等級功能可能會影響一個人的意識活化親健康行為中有兩種可能的方向。
可能是一個重要的信息資源進行更改，以提高治療的副作用，或使生活方式的改變，以應付殘疾帶來的疾病。
另外，降低運作可能會損害病人的能力，利用網上提供的健康信息。
Cancer-Relevant Beliefs and Expectancies.
This category includes expectations activated while processing health-related information (Miller et al., 2001).
Perceptions of self-efficacy in dealing with one’s cancer situation are a key cognitive mechanism influencing illness adjustment (for a review see Case, Andrews, Johnson, & Allard, 2005).
Accordingly, those with higher self-efficacy may have a greater sense of competence to use cancer-related information and would be more likely to utilize information in adapting to cancer.
Low self-efficacy, in this case belief in the futility of treatment, feeling powerless, or feeling unable to have an influence in one’s health or care outcomes, can lead to less information seeking and higher anxiety (Becker & Rosenstock, 1989; Katz, 1968; Lichter, 1987).
An alternative perspective, however, would suggest that patients could seek out cancer information as a coping mechanism to build up their sense of efficacy to help them in their struggle with breast cancer (Ziebland et al., 2004).
癌症相關的信念和預期。
這一類包括預期激活在處理與健康有關的信息（Miller等，2001）。
知覺的自我效能感在處理與人的癌症的情況是一個重要的認知機制影響疾病的調整（見案例進行檢討，安德魯斯，約翰遜和阿拉德，2005）。
因此，那些具有較高的自我效能感可能有更大的權限使用的癌症相關的信息，將更有可能利用信息在適應癌症。
低自我效能感，在這種情況下，相信在徒勞的治療，感覺力不從心，或感覺不能有一個影響人的健康或保健效果，可能會導致更少的信息要求和更高的焦慮（貝克爾和羅森斯托克，1989;卡茨1968年，Lichter，1987）。
另一種觀點，但是，這表明，癌症病人可以尋求信息作為一種應對機制，以建立自己的意識的療效，以幫助他們在他們的奮鬥與乳腺癌（Ziebland等，2004）。
Cancer-Relevant Affects.
Factors in this group include affective states that are activated when processing cancer-related information (Miller et al., 2001), and influence subsequent information processing related to the cancer experience.
Psychological adjustment affects the degree to which a cancer patient seeks information about her illness (Harris, 1998).
Greater emotional difficulty, assessed here as lower levels of emotional well-being and higher levels of negative emotions, may cue the need for information to make personal changes or receive validation for one’s experience, therefore motivating cancer information seeking.
Clinical levels of negative affect, characterized by despair, low motivation and low initiation of activity, and fatigue, however, may impair one’s capacity to seek helpful resources.
The literature depicts mixed findings for the effect of mood on information seeking.
In a general sample, Cotton and Gupta (2004) found that happier people were more likely to look online for health information.
For breast cancer patients, low levels of mental health predicted
greater use of the Internet for health-related reasons (Bowen et al., 2003).
Cancer-related anxiety has been found both to be associated with less information seeking (Pifalo, Hollander, Henderson, DeSalvo, & Gill, 1997; Wilkinson & Wilson, 1983) and with greater information seeking (Manfredi, Czaja, Buis, & Derk, 1993).
Such mixed findings illustrate the importance of context-relevant assessment emphasized in the C-SHIP model.
癌症相關的影響。
本組的因素包括情感狀態被激活時，處理癌症相關的信息（Miller等，2001），並影響以後的信息處理有關的癌症的經驗。
心理調整影響的程度，一個癌症病人尋求有關她的病（哈里斯，1998）。
難度大的情感，評估這裡下級情緒福祉和更高層次的負面情緒，可能會提示需要對信息做出修改或接收驗證個人為自己的經驗，因此激勵癌症信息尋找。
臨床水平的負面影響，
特點是絕望，低動機，低啟動活動，和疲勞，
不過，可能會損害一個人的能力，以尋求有用的資源。文獻描述
混合結果的影響情緒上的信息尋找。在一般的樣品，
棉花和Gupta（2004）發現，快樂的人更容易上網查閱
衛生信息。對於乳腺癌患者中，低層次的心理健康預測
更多地使用互聯網的健康有關的原因（鮑文等人，2003年）。
癌症相關的焦慮已發現既要與較少的信息
求（Pifalo，霍蘭德，恆基兆業，DeSalvo，與吉爾，1997;威爾金森和威爾遜，
1983年）和尋求更多的信息（曼弗雷迪，Czaja，Buis，與 Derk，1993）。
這種混合的結果說明了重要的上下文相關的評估強調
在C型戰艦模型。
Cancer-Relevant Goals and Values.
This category includes desired and valued health outcomes along with their relative subjective importance (Miller et al., 2001).
Once one is diagnosed with cancer, specific health and treatment related goals likely emerge.
For some, their goal may be to fight the cancer to the very end, ‘‘leaving no stone unturned’’ as they try a variety of clinical trials in the face of standard treatment failure.
Others may find at some point they prioritize quality over quantity
of life, and seek palliative treatment.
Some patients may strive to remain active in treatment decisions, whereas others prefer to defer decision-making to their clinicians.
Medical information seeking has been found to be motivated by a desire to be involved with treatment decision making (Degner et al., 1997).
癌症相關的目標和價值。
這一類包括理想和價值的健康結果以及它們的相對主觀的重要性（Miller等，2001）。
當一個被診斷出患有癌症，健康和治療相關的具體目標有可能出現。
一些人認為，他們的目標可能是癌症的鬥爭進行到底，不留千方百計''''，因為他們嘗試各種臨床試驗中，面對標準治療失敗。
其他人可能會發現在某些時候，他們優先考慮質量而不是數量
生活，並尋求姑息治療。
有些病人可能努力保持積極治療的決定，而其他人則傾向於推遲決策的臨床醫生。
尋求醫療信息已被發現是出於這樣一種願望，參與治療決策（Degner等，1997）。
Cancer-Relevant Self-Regulatory Competencies and Skills.
This group of factors includes knowledge and strategies used for dealing with barriers to disease-managing behaviors (Miller et al., 2001).
A patient’s competency in seeking cancer-related information can be determined largely by her competence in participating in her health care and utilizing information, as well as by actual and perceived barriers to information.
Previous research demonstrated that both perceived health competence and participation in health care are associated with a greater desire for and use of health information (Ziebland, 2004).
Studies primarily have been cross-sectional and correlational in nature, however, therefore, the direction of this relationship remains unclear.
A sense of competence in participating in health care may serve as the foundation for information-seeking behavior that complements existing health care participation (Kivits, 2006).
Alternatively, it has been postulated that patients’ optimal participation in their health care necessitates having appropriate information (Fallowfield, 2001; Wallberg, 2000).
Accordingly, patients may actively seek out cancer information to increase their sense of competence in participating in their health care (Ziebland et al., 2004).
Furthermore, those who have experienced barriers to receiving information within the health care system, due to cost or a lack of knowledge or time, may welcome a cancer information resource that is easy to use, convenient, and available for free (Pandey, Hart, & Tiwary, 2003).
癌症相關的自律能力和技能。
這個小組的因素包括知識和策略用於處理障礙疾病管理的行為（Miller等，2001）。
病人的能力，尋求與癌症相關的信息可以在很大程度上取決於她的能力在參加她的健康保健和利用信息，以及通過實際的和知覺障礙的信息。
此前的研究表明，無論自覺健康的能力和參與衛生保健是與一個更大的願望和使用衛生信息（Ziebland，2004）。
主要研究了橫截面和相關性的性質，但是，因此，這種關係的方向仍不清楚。
感能力在參與衛生保健可以作為基礎的信息尋求行為，補充現有的醫療參與（Kivits，2006）。
另外，它被假設病人的最佳參與他們的衛生保健就必須有相應的信息（法洛菲爾德，2001; Wallberg，2000）。
因此，患者可能會積極尋求癌症信息意識，提高他們的能力在參與他們的衛生保健（Ziebland等，2004）。
此外，那些有經驗的障礙，誰接收的信息在衛生保健系統，由於成本或缺乏知識或時間，可能歡迎癌症信息資源，易於使用，方便，可免費（潘迪，哈特， ＆Tiwary，2003）。
The literature has shown that social support has a strong impact on how people cope with cancer, as it can serve as both a source of information and validation.
Provision of information is one of the defining attributes of social support (Langford, Hinson, Bowsher, Maloney, & Lillis, 1997). Social support networks of friends and family serve as resources for providing information and directing information seeking (Basch, Thaler, Shi, Yakren, & Schrag, 2004; Coulton, 1990; Echlin & Rees, 2002; Elf & Wikblad, 2001; Johnson & Meischke, 1993).
Accordingly, individuals who lack such social support may need to seek information in other venues such as the Internet.
文獻表明，社會支持具有較強影響人們如何應對癌症，因為它可以作為兩個來源的信息和驗證。
提供信息是其中一個定義屬性，社會支持（蘭福德，辛森，Bowsher，馬宏升，與利利斯，1997）。社會支持網絡的朋友和家人作為資源提供信息和指導信息尋求（豹馳，泰勒，石，Yakren，與施拉格，2004; Coulton，1990年; Echlin和里斯，2002;精靈＆Wikblad，2001;強 Meischke ，1993）。
因此，個人誰沒有這樣的社會支持可能需要尋求信息在其他場地，如互聯網。
Cancer Information: Source and Content Structure
Previous studies using cross-sectional self-report methodologies have played an important role in helping to understand cancer patients’ information seeking preferences and intended behaviors.
The most valid indicator of cancer information seeking behavior, however, is to measure what people actually do as compared with what they say they did or will do.
Our study was intended to contribute to the field by examining outcomes that represent actual online cancer information seeking behaviors of women using the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS) ‘‘Living with Breast Cancer’’ program, which is a comprehensive Interactive Cancer Communication System (ICCS) that has been found to be efficacious in numerous previous studies (Gustafson, 2003; Gustafson et al., 1993, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2005; Hawkins et al., 1997; McTavish et al., 1995; McTavish, Pingree, Hawkins, & Shaw, Gustafson et al., 2006; Shaw, Han, Baker et al., 2006; Shaw, Han, Hawkins et al., 2006; Shaw, Hawkins, McTavish, Pingree, & Gustafson, 2006; Shaw, McTavish, Hawkins, Gustafson, & Pingree, 2000; Taylor et al., 1994).
癌症信息：源和內容結構
以往的研究採用橫斷面自我報告的方法發揮了重要作用，有助於理解癌症病人的信息尋求行為偏好和意圖。
最有效的指標癌症信息尋求行為，然而，是衡量人們實際做的比他們說他們還是會做。
我們的研究是為了促進該領域通過檢查的結果，代表實際的在線癌症信息尋求行為的婦女使用的綜合保健增強支持系統（CHESS）''''生活乳腺癌計劃，這是一個綜合性交互式通信系統癌症（ICCS），它被認為是有效的在許多以往的研究（古斯塔夫森，2003;古斯塔夫森等，1993，1998，1999，2001，2002，2005;霍金斯等人，1997年;麥克塔維什等，1995;麥克塔維什，平格里，霍金斯，與肖，古斯塔夫森等人，2006年肖，漢，貝克等人，2006年肖，漢，霍金斯等人，2006年肖，霍金斯，麥克塔維什，平格里，與古斯塔夫森，2006年;肖，麥克塔維什，霍金斯，古斯塔夫森，與平格里，2000;泰勒等人，1994年）。
CHESS Content
CHESS is a web-based system that provides a range of conceptually distinct services to patients and their families.
Among other services, CHESS offers a large volume of breast cancer related information that is approximately equivalent in volume to a 1000-page book. The information is offered in different formats including didactic services such as short, easy-to-understand excerpts related to living with breast cancer as well as longer articles and resource guides.
Other services offer more experiential, narrative forms of information such as written accounts of how other women have coped with breast cancer and its treatments and video-based vignettes of patients sharing stories about coping with their illness. In this study, we examined three high-level information topics that subsume all of the information found within CHESS:
(1) medical information focusing on treatments and side effects;
(2) psychosocial information focusing on the emotional and social impact of cancer;
and (3) practical concerns focusing on the financial and legal ramifications of living with cancer.
CHESS內容
國際象棋是一個基於 Web的系統，它提供了一系列不同的服務概念為病人及其家屬。
在其他服務，CHESS提供了大量的乳腺癌有關的信息，大約相當於卷1000頁的書。提供的信息是在不同的格式，包括教學服務，如短，易於理解的摘錄有關生活與乳腺癌以及較長的文章和資源指南。
其他服務提供更多的經驗，敘事形式的書面信息，如帳戶如何應付其他婦女乳腺癌及其治療和基於視頻的插曲患者分享故事關於應對他們的病情。在這項研究中，我們審查了三個高層次的信息主題，所有的信息歸入內找到象棋：
（1）醫療信息集中在治療和副作用;
（2）心理信息側重於情感和社會影響的癌症;
（三）切實關注重點放在金融和法律後果的患有癌症。
CHESS Data
Data from a previous CHESS study provide a unique opportunity to examine how antecedent characteristics relate to the form and type of information rural breast cancer patients seek when provided with access to an ICCS.
In this study, cancer patients completed a survey before receiving the intervention.
They then were provided with a free computer, Internet access, and training on how to use the system.
CHESS use data were collected as participants used the website.
CHESS數據
數據從以前的CHESS研究提供了一個獨特的機會，探討如何與先前特點的形式和類型的信息，農村乳腺癌患者尋求時提供了訪問一個 ICCS。
在這項研究中，癌症患者完成的一項調查前接受干預。
然後，他們都提供了免費的電腦，互聯網接入和培訓如何使用該系統。
CHESS使用數據收集的參與者所使用的網站。
Research Aims
The C-SHIP model identifies five psychosocial factors relevant to health information seeking; however, the directions of these relationships are unclear based on the existing literature.
Using this model as a conceptual framework, we believe that the current study contributes to the field by investigating how these antecedent psychosocial factors relate to specific forms and topics of online cancer information seeking among rural breast cancer patients.
This research is exploratory in nature, offering an initial examination of antecedent pathways.
Accordingly, specific directional hypotheses are not proposed, and research questions are addressed instead.
研究的目的
這架C -戰艦模型確定了五個心理因素有關的健康資訊尋求，但是，方向不明確這些關係的基礎上，現有的文獻。
使用這個模型作為一個概念框架，我們認為，目前的研究有助於研究如何通過這些領域的社會心理因素與先前的具體形式和主題的網上信息，尋求在農村癌症乳腺癌患者。
這項研究是探索性的，提供初步審查前因途徑。
因此，具體的定向假說沒有提出和研究的問題得到解決，而不是。
Methods
Participants
The data analyzed in this study were collected as a part of a larger Digital Divide Pilot Project (DDPP) in which underserved breast cancer patients in rural Wisconsin were given access to CHESS for 4 months (Gustafson, McTavish, Stengle et al., 2005a; Gustafson, McTavish, Stengle et al., 2005b).
Both pretest and 4-month posttest surveys were conducted (92%retention rate from subjects initially enrolled).
The current study analyzed data exclusively from the pretest survey and use of the CHESS information services.
Recruitment was conducted between May 2001 and April 2003, and subjects were paid $15 for each completed survey.
方法
參加者
數據分析在這項研究中收集的一部分作為一個更大的數字鴻溝試點項目（DDPP），其中乳腺癌患者在缺醫少藥的農村威斯康星州獲准使用CHESS為4個月（古斯塔夫森，麥克塔維什，Stengle等人，2005年;古斯塔夫森，麥克塔維什，Stengle等人，2005年b）。
這兩種預試和4個月後測進行了調查（92％的保留率從最初參加科目）。
目前的研究分析數據完全由預試調查和利用國際象棋的信息服務。
招聘是2001年5月間進行2003年4月，和受試者支付15元每完成調查。
Study participants were identified through a variety of sources, including the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Information Service, the Medicaid program, hospitals and clinics, and public health departments.
Participants were eligible if they were at or below 250% of the federal poverty level, resided within one of 56 rural Wisconsin counties (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget criteria), were within one year of diagnosis of breast cancer or had metastatic breast cancer, were not homeless, and were able to read and understand an informed consent letter.
All study participants were lent a computer, given Internet access for 4 months, and received personal training in how to use the computer, the Internet, and, primarily, CHESS.
參與研究的人發現，通過各種渠道，包括美國國家癌症研究所的癌症信息服務，醫療補助計劃，醫院和診所，衛生部門。
參加者資格，如果他們在或低於250％的聯邦貧困水平，居住在威斯康星州的一個農村的56個縣（定義由辦公室管理和預算標準），一年內乳腺癌的診斷或已轉移乳腺癌，沒有無家可歸者，並能閱讀和理解知情同意書。
所有受試者都借給一台電腦，給上網4個月，並獲得了個人訓練中如何使用計算機，互聯網，以及為主，國際象棋。
Table 1 shows demographic and disease-related characteristics of this sample.
Study participants had a mean age of 51 years old, 67.4% of women were classified as having early stage breast cancer, and 57.7% had received at least some college education.
表1顯示了人口和疾病相關的特徵本樣本。
參與研究的有一個平均年齡51歲，67.4％的女性被歸類為早期乳腺癌，57.7％曾接受過至少一些大專以上學歷。
Measures
Besides basic demographic information, participants answered nine primary measures at the pretest level that were further categorized according to the constructs of the C-SHIP model, as listed in Table 2.
These measures have been widely tested and demonstrated in terms of reliability, validity, and responsiveness to clinical change (Brady et al., 1997; Gustafson et al., 2001, 2002, 2005).
The exact wording of all the items belonging to these scales is included in the Appendix.
For all measures, scores are calculated as averages across scale items.
措施
除了基本的人口統計信息，參與者回答9所小學措施，預試水平，進一步分類根據結構的C- SHIP模型，列於表2。
這些措施得到了廣泛的測試，並顯示出計算的可靠性，有效性和響應臨床變化（布雷迪等人，1997年;古斯塔夫森等人，2001年，2002年，2005年）。
確切的措辭都屬於這些項目規模包括在附錄。
對於所有措施，分數計算平均在規模的項目。
CHESS Information Services and Topic Use
To keep a record of patients’ CHESS use, a browser was developed by our research team automatically to collect use data at an individual keystroke level as participants used the system.
This capability enabled us to log each user’s code name, date, time spent, and URL of every web page requested from our web server database.
Seven CHESS use outcomes were included in the study and are described below: overall use of the information service component of CHESS as well as use of each of the two individual information service types, and overall use of the topics available as well as use of each of the three individual topics.
CHESS信息服務和使用主題
要保留記錄病人的CHESS使用，瀏覽器是由我們的研究小組使用的數據自動收集在單個擊鍵水平參與者使用該系統。
這種能力使我們能夠記錄每個用戶的代號，日期，所花費的時間和網址的每個網頁要求從我們的Web服務器數據庫。
七CHESS使用成果是包括在研究和介紹如下：整體採用的信息服務組件的國際象棋以及使用的每個兩個獨立的信息服務類型，整體採用現有的主題，以及使用每個三個人的主題。
Overall use of the Information Service component of CHESS was operationalized as total time spent (in minutes) browsing the following two types of information during the 4-month study period.
整體採用的信息服務組件是可操作性的國際象棋花費的總時間（分鐘）瀏覽以下兩種類型的信息在4個月的研究期間。
1. Didactic Services provide science-based information to convey facts, statistics, and a review of the state of knowledge related to breast cancer and related health care.
Examples include Questions and Answers (short answers to hundreds of frequently asked questions), Instant Library (full articles on breast cancer topics), Web Links (links to selected health-related Internet sites), Resource Directory (descriptions and contact instructions for breast cancer and social service organizations), and Dictionary (descriptions of medical and professional terms).
2. Experiential Services provide real-life text and video accounts of patients’ experiences with diagnosis, treatment decisions, and dealing with the physical, emotional, practical, and existential issues related to living with cancer.
Experiential services within CHESS include Consumer Guide (descriptions of available services, identifying a good provider, being an effective consumer of key health services), Video Gallery (video clips providing real-life accounts of people living with cancer), and Personal Stories (narrative text-based interview accounts of how others coped with breast cancer).
1。教學服務提供科學依據的信息傳達事實，統計數據，並審查國家的有關乳腺癌的知識和相關的健康護理。
例子包括問題和答案（簡短回答到數百常見問題），即時資料庫（完整的文章對乳腺癌主題），網站鏈接（鏈接到選定的健康相關的互聯網網站），資源目錄（描述和說明，對乳腺癌的聯繫和社會服務組織）和字典（說明醫療專業術語）。
2。體驗式服務提供了現實生活中的文字和視頻賬戶病人的經驗與診斷，治療決策，以及處理與物理，情感性，實踐性和存在的問題與患有癌症。
體驗式服務在國際象棋包括消費指南（說明可用的服務，確定了良好的供應商，作為一個有效的消費者的主要健康服務），視頻畫廊（視頻剪輯提供真實賬目的人患有癌症），以及個人的故事（敘事基於文本的採訪賬戶他人如何應付與乳腺癌）。
Overall use of the Topic component of CHESS was operationalized as total time spent (in minutes) in each of the following types of topics during the 4-month study period:
(1) psychosocial topics (information about psychological and social issues);
(2) practical topics (financial, work, and legal concerns);
(3) medical topics (18 breast cancer related topics including breast cancer basics, surgery [e.g., lumpectomy, mastectomy, etc.], and other treatment options [e.g., chemotherapy, radiation]).
整體採用的主題組件作為國際象棋是可操作性花費的總時間（分鐘）在每個以下類型的題目在4個月的研究期間：
（1）心理主題（有關心理和社會問題）;
（2）實踐課題（財務，工作和法律問題）;
（3）醫療議題（18乳腺癌有關的議題，包括乳腺癌基礎知識，手術[例如，乳房腫瘤切除術，切除等]，以及其他治療方案[例如，化療，放療]）。
2011年7月29日 星期五
SSCI SCI期刊簡介
AGING & MENTAL HEALTH(SSCI)
Aging & Mental Health provides a leading forum for the rapidly expanding field which investigates the relationship between the aging process and mental health. The international impact of the journal is well recognized. It has readers in over 40 countries, a rising impact factor and is indexed by ISI, MEDLINE, Current Contents and other widely used indexing systems. The journal addresses the mental changes associated with normal and abnormal or pathological aging, as well as the psychological and psychiatric problems of the aging population.
Aging & Mental Health covers the biological, psychological and social aspects of aging as they relate to mental health. In particular it encourages an integrated approach between the various biopsychosocial processes and etiological factors associated with psychological changes in the elderly. It also emphasizes the various strategies, therapies and services which may be directed at improving the mental health of the elderly. In this way the journal has a strong alliance between the theoretical, experimental and applied sciences across a range of issues affecting mental health and aging. The journal provides an original and dynamic focus to help integrate the normal and abnormal aspects of mental health in aging. In addition, theoretical issues can be set in the context of the important new practical developments in this field.
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The journal is directed at an international audience, with editors in London and North America. The readership of the journal is drawn from many disciplines, with particularly strong representation from psychiatrists and psychologists working with the elderly. Its strong scientific foundation makes it of considerable interest to basic scientists interested in the biological, psychological and social aspects of aging and mental health.
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老化與心理健康提供了一個領先的論壇，迅速擴大的領域的調查之間的關係和心理健康老齡化進程。國際影響的雜誌是眾所公認。它的讀者遍及40個國家，一個崛起的影響因子，是由ISI索引，MEDLINE，當前目錄和其他廣泛使用的索引系統。該雜誌地址的心理變化與正常和不正常或病態的老化，以及心理和精神問題的人口老齡化。
老化與心理健康包括生理，心理和社會方面問題的研究，因為它們與心理健康。特別是鼓勵的綜合方法之間的各種生物心理過程和病因與心理變化的中老年人。它也強調了各種戰略，治療和服務，可改善精神健康的老人。在這樣的雜誌有一個強大的聯盟之間的理論，實驗和應用科學跨越一系列問題，影響心理健康和老化。該雜誌提供了一個原始和動態聚焦，幫助整合的正常和不正常的心理健康方面的老化。此外，可以設置理論問題的背景下新的實踐的重要發展，這一領域。
讀者
該雜誌是針對國際觀眾，與編輯在倫敦和北美。該雜誌的讀者是來自許多學科，具有較強的代表性，特別是從精神科醫生和心理學家與老人。其強大的科學基礎，使得它相當感興趣的基礎科學家感興趣的是生物，心理和社會方面問題的研究和心理健康。
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所有在這個雜誌上的研究文章，包括那些特殊問題，特殊路段，或補充劑，都經過嚴格的同行評審，這通常涉及初步篩選和編輯匿名裁判至少有兩個獨立的評審。
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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR(SSCI)
The abstracts and full text of all journal articles, from 1999 onwards, are available online to view and download. Abstracts may be freely accessed by everyone. Articles are available for download by users and institutions with a current subscription or can be purchased individually. To access the full text journal CLICK HERE.
The Journal seeks to improve the quality of life through multidisciplinary health efforts in fostering a better understanding of the multidimensional nature of both individuals and social systems as they relate to health behaviors.
To provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of personal attributes, personality characteristics, behavior patterns, social structure, and processes on health maintenance, health restoration, and health improvement; to disseminate knowledge of holistic, multidisciplinary approaches to designing and implementing effective health programs; and to showcase health behavior analysis skills that have been proven to affect health improvement and recovery.
After 33 years of hard copy journals, the Journal has gone green. In an effort to contribute to a healthful environment, effective January 2010 we offer only electronic (online) access to the Journal. We're now paperless; it's great for you and great for the environment.
摘要和全文的所有期刊文章，從 1999年起，可在網上查看和下載。摘要可以自由訪問每一個人。文章可供下載用戶和機構提供當前訂閱，也可以單獨購買。要訪問的全文期刊點擊這裡。
該雜誌旨在改善生活質量，通過多學科的健康努力，促進更好地理解多維性質的個人和社會制度，因為它們與健康行為。
為了提供一個全面的認識的影響個人屬性，個性特徵，行為模式，社會結構和過程的健康維護，恢復健康和衛生的改善;傳播知識的綜合，多學科的方法來設計和實施有效的保健方案;並展示健康行為的分析技能，已被證明影響健康的改善和恢復。
經過 33年的印本期刊，雜誌已經綠色。為了有助於建立一個健康的環境，有效的2010年1月，我們只提供電子（在線）訪問日記。我們現在無紙化，它是偉大的為您和偉大的環境。
投稿契機：是一個歷史悠久的期刊，期刊目標與我目前的研究目的很接近
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION(SSCI)
Our History and Philosophy
Michael P. O'Donnell, PhD, MBA, MPH;
Editor in Chief, American Journal of Health Promotion
Established in 1986, the American Journal of Health Promotion was the first peer-reviewed publication devoted exclusively to health promotion. More than 20 years later it remains true to its original goals.
Provide a Forum for the many diverse disciplines that contribute to health promotion
Reduce the gap between health promotion research and practice by delivering the most current and relevant research in the field while addressing its practical application.
Almost half of all premature deaths in the United States and other developed countries are caused by lifestyle related problems. We can prevent many of these deaths and enhance quality of life for millions of people if we can help them exercise regularly, eat nutritious foods, avoid tobacco and excess alcohol, learn to manage stress, enhance social networks and economic conditions, clarify lifestyle values, and achieve a sense of fulfillment in their intellectual pursuits.
The goal of our organization is to raise the standard of health promotion research and practice through publications, meetings and public service.
The American Journal of Health Promotion, was launched in 1986 as the first peer reviewed journal devoted to health promotion and it remains the largest, with subscribers in all 50 United States and about 40 other countries. Our editorial goal is to provide a forum for the many diverse disciplines that contribute to health promotion and to reduce the gap between health promotion research and practice.
Our public service efforts include the formation of the Health Promotion Research Foundation, creation of the Robert F. Allen Symbol of H.O.P.E. Award, the American Journal of Health Award at Seoul Foreign School, providing advice to national health promotion organizations, creating a grassroots effort to build health promotion into the national agenda and participating in international health promotion efforts.
我們的歷史與哲學
邁克爾 P.奧唐奈，博士，MBA，MPH;
主編，美國雜誌健康促進
成立於 1986年，美國雜誌健康促進是第一個同行評審出版專門以促進健康。超過 20年後它仍然忠於原來的目標。
提供一個論壇，為許多不同的學科，有助於促進健康
縮小差距的健康促進研究和實踐提供最新及最相關領域的研究，同時解決其實際應用。
幾乎一半的人過早死亡，在美國和其他發達國家的生活方式引起的相關問題。我們可以預防許多這些死亡和提高生活質量為百萬計的人，如果我們能夠幫助他們經常鍛煉，多吃有營養的食物，避免吸煙和過量飲酒，學會管理壓力，增強社會網絡和經濟條件，生活方式的價值澄清，實現感在履行他們的智力的追求。
我們組織的目標是要提高標準的健康促進研究和實踐，通過出版物，會議和公共服務。
美國雜誌健康促進，是在1986年推出的第一個同行評審的雜誌致力於促進健康，它仍然是最大的，與用戶在所有50個美國和其他國家的約 40。我們的編輯目標是提供一個論壇，許多不同的學科，有助於促進健康和減少差距健康促進研究和實踐。
我們的公共服務，努力形成包括健康促進研究基金會，創造了羅伯特艾倫 F.象徵 HOPE獎，美國雜誌健康大獎在首爾外國人學校，提供諮詢意見的國家健康促進機構，建立基層努力建立健康促進納入國家議程和參加國際健康促進工作。
投稿契機：健康促進是一個重點
Journal of Men's Health(SSCI)
American Journal of Men's Health (AJMH) is a peer-reviewed quarterly resource for cutting-edge information regarding men's health and illness. AJMH publishes papers from all health, behavioral and social disciplines, including but not limited to medicine, nursing, allied health, public health, health psychology/behavioral medicine, and medical sociology and anthropology.
雜誌男性健康
美國雜誌男性健康（AJMH）是同行評審每季資源前沿信息關於男性健康和疾病。 AJMH發表論文的所有健康，行為和社會學科，包括但不限於醫學，護理，專職醫療，衛生，健康心理學/行為醫學，醫學社會學和人類學。
投稿契機：榮家榮民都是男性，所以可以以此為題
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH(SSCI)
About the Journal
The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) is dedicated to publication of original work in research, research methods, and program evaluation in the field of public health. The Journal also regularly publishes editorials and commentaries and serves as a forum for health policy analysis. The mission of the Journal is to advance public health research, policy, practice, and education. Each month, national and international public health professionals turn to AJPH for the most current, authoritative, in-depth information in the field.
The goals of both the online and the print versions of the Journal, published monthly by the American Public Health Association, are
To publish the best scientific research in the field of public health
To serve as a forum for diverse viewpoints on major public health issues and policies
To promote diverse public health practice models
To increase public and professional understanding of public health problems and their solutions through delivery channels relevant to different audiences and their needs
To work in concert with the 3 main priorities of the American Public Health Association, namely to develop universal coverage, eliminate health disparities, and rebuild the public health infrastructure.
AJPH, first published in 1911, is the official Journal of the American Public Health Association, 800 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20001-3710; (202) 777-APHA(2742). APHA is a professional society founded in 1872 to represent all disciplines and specialties in public health.
Impact on Public Health
The 2009 impact factor of the Journal measure of the frequency with which an average article is cited each year in the 2 years after publications 4.371 up from 4.241 in 2008. The Journal ranks #2 of 95 titles in the Public, Environmental and Occupational Health category of the 2009 Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index compared to last year's #3 of 76 titles. It ranks #9 of 122 titles compared to last year's #10 of 105 in the same category in the Science Edition.
Quality Peer Review
Customized by HighWire Press of Stanford University, the Journal's electronic peer review tracking system is accessible to authors, reviewers, editors, and staff at http://submit.ajph.org. Access is also available via the Online Submission/Review link at http://www.ajph.org, the Journal's homepage. If you have the appropriate background for serving as a reviewer, we invite you to register.
Authors log on to this system and submit abstract, manuscript, and reference files; tables, figures, and photos; and supplementary material. Authors can save work in progress, proof and submit revisions, download and review proofs, check on status, update personal information, and review their past submission records. References can be checked via links to sources. Decisions are sent to authors via email.
Reviewers receive an email invitation to review a specific article that they may either accept or decline after viewing an abstract of the article. If they accept, they upload their comments for both the author and the editor. The review process is blinded: authors are not told the identities of the reviewers, and reviewers are not told the identities of authors. As the review period concludes, reviewers have access to each other's comments, thus providing valuable feedback. Reviewers also have access to an archive of their past papers and performance.
Reviewed papers usually receive careful scrutiny by 3 reviewers and additional assessment by the responsible associate editor, deputy editor, and editor-in-chief. Initial screening results in rejection of the majority of manuscripts within 2 weeks of submission. For those papers that are selected for review, the time to first decision is about 2 months. Overall time from submission to acceptance, which includes revisions by the authors, is about 4.6 months.
Final decisions were made on 2,765 papers in 2009. Of these papers, 513 (18.55%) were accepted for publication. Another 1921 papers (69.48%) were rejected upon initial screening by the editors, 283 (10.24%) were rejected after peer review, and 48 (1.74%) were rejected with resubmission encouraged.
Unique Online Features
The online Journal is a delivery channel of special importance to those in the research, academic, student, and practice communities. It is the official version of the journal. Among key benefits for users are the cross-journal search capabilities and free hyperlinking from article references to full-text articles in more than 1212 other online journals that are hosted by HighWire Press, a division of Stanford University Libraries.
Other features include focused searches for related articles or articles by the same author; online letters to the editor; email alerts to new published content; a subject collections index; citation tracking and management; access to supplementary material; and a variety of help and feedback features to assist you in your searches.
Diverse Content
Authors from around the globe contribute to AJPH their original unpublished research, social science analyses, scholarly essays, critical commentaries, and letters to the editor. Department submissions include
Government, Politics, and Law--public health arguments grounded in critical analysis
Health Policy and Ethics Forum--debates on public health issues
Field Action Reports--reports on practice-based programs and initiatives with potential to advance the public's health
Framing Health Matters--articles featuring work in the social sciences and other disciplines
Faces of Public Health and Going Public--profiles of outstanding leaders and examples of vital public health work
Images of Public Health, Public Health Then and Now, and Voices From the Past--stories from public health history still relevant today
Statistically Speaking--a forum offering highlights and guidance from the world of statistics.
Abstracting and Indexing
Publications that index or abstract articles from AJPH include the following: Ageline, Assia (Applied Social Science Index and Abstracts), Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, CINAHL, Criminal Justice Abstracts, EMBASE, EMCare, Environmental Abstracts, e-psyche, ETOH (Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database), Excerpta Medica, Food Science and Technology, General Science Index, Grateful Med, Hospital Literature Index, Human Resources Abstracts, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), Medline, Physical Education Index, Pollution Abstracts, Psychological Abstracts, PsychINFO, Safety Science Abstracts, Sage Family Studies Abstracts, Sage Human Resources Abstracts, Science Citation Index, SCOPUS, SIIC Data Bases, Social Work Research and Abstracts, and Statistical Reference Index (SRI)/LexisNexis.
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Last updated 5/20/2010.
關於雜誌
美國公共衛生雜誌（AJPH）致力於出版原創作品的研究，研究方法和方案評價領域的公眾健康。該雜誌還經常刊登社論和評論，並作為一個論壇，供衛生政策分析。該雜誌的使命是促進公眾健康研究，政策，實踐和教育。每個月，國家和國際公共衛生專業人員轉向 AJPH為最新的，權威的，深入的信息領域。
這些目標的同時在線和印刷版的雜誌，每月公佈的美國公共衛生協會，是
要發布的最佳科學領域的研究公共衛生
作為一個論壇，供不同的觀點就重大公共衛生問題和政策
為了促進各種公共健康實踐模式
為了提高公眾的認識和專業公共衛生問題及其解決方案，通過有關渠道提供不同的觀眾和他們的需求
要在演唱會與 3個主要的優先事項，美國公共衛生協會，即開發普及，消除健康差距，公共衛生基礎設施的重建。
AJPH，首次出版於 1911年，是官方雜誌的美國公共衛生協會，800餘街，西北，華盛頓，DC 20001-3710（202）777 - APHA（2742）。 APHA是一家專業成立於 1872年的社會代表所有學科和專業在公眾健康。
影響公眾健康
2009年影響因子的期刊測量的頻率，平均每年被引文章在2年後出版s 4.371從 2008年的4.241。該雜誌排名中排名第2 95職稱的公眾，環境和職業健康類的2009年湯姆森路透社會科學引文索引相比，去年的排名第76的標題。它排名＃9 122頭銜相比，去年的10號 105在同一類別中的科學版。
質量審稿
定制由斯坦福大學 HighWire出版社，期刊的同行評審的電子跟踪系統可以訪問作家，評論家，編輯和工作人員 http://submit.ajph.org。訪問也可通過網上提交/修改鏈接 http://www.ajph.org，該雜誌的網頁。如果您有適當的背景擔任審閱，我們邀請您註冊。
作者登錄到該系統，並提交抽象，手稿和參考文件，表格，圖表和照片，以及補充材料。作者可以節省工作正在進行中，證明並提交修改，下載和審查證明，檢查狀態，更新個人資料，並提交審查其過去的記錄。引用可以通過檢查鏈接來源。決定是通過電子郵件發送給作者。
審稿人收到一封電子郵件，邀請審查的具體條款，他們可以選擇接受或拒絕後，觀看一個抽象的文章。如果他們接受，他們上傳自己的意見為作者和編輯。審查過程是蒙蔽：作者的身份是不告訴的評論，和評審的身份都沒有告訴作者。由於審查期間結束，評審獲得對方的意見，從而提供有價值的反饋。審稿人也有機會獲得他們過去的歸檔文件和性能。
審核通常會收到論文仔細審閱 3的評論和其他評估，負責的副主編，副主編和主編，主編。初步篩查結果拒絕了大部分手稿2個星期內提交。對於這些文件被選定的審查，第一個決定的時間約為 2個月。總體時間從提交到接受，其中包括修改的作者，是約 4.6個月。
最後的決定，都是在2765的論文在2009年。這些論文，513（18.55％）被接受發表。另一個 1921年的論文（69.48％）被拒絕後，初步篩選了編輯，283（10.24％）被拒絕後，同行評審，48（1.74％）被拒絕，並重新提交鼓舞。
獨特的在線功能
在線雜誌是傳遞通道的特殊重要性，對那些在科研，學術，學生，實踐社區。這是正式版的雜誌。其中主要好處是為用戶跨期刊搜索能力和免費超鏈接引用的文章全文文章在超過 1212其他在線雜誌所承載的HighWire出版社，表決斯坦福大學圖書館。
其他功能還包括集中搜索相關的文章或文章的作者，網上來信，電子郵件警報，新發布的內容，一個主題收藏指數;引文跟踪和管理，獲得補充材料;和各種幫助和反饋功能，以幫助您在您的搜索。
內容多樣
作者來自世界各地的貢獻 AJPH原未發表的研究，社會科學的分析，學術文章，批判評論和讀者來信。部提交的包括
政府，政治和法律 - 公共衛生參數立足於批判性分析
衛生政策與倫理論壇 - 公共健康問題的辯論
現場行動報告 - 報告實踐為基礎的方案和舉措，以推進與潛在的公眾健康
制定衛生問題 - 用品為特色工作在社會科學和其他學科
面臨著公共健康和上市程序 - 型材的卓越領導人和例子公共衛生工作的重要
圖片公共衛生，公共健康和現在，和聲音從過去 - 從公共衛生的歷史故事在今天仍然適用
從統計數據上 - 提供一個論壇，重點和指導世界的統計資料。
文摘和索引
出版物的索引或文章從抽象AJPH包括以下內容：Ageline，阿夏（應用社會科學索引和摘要），生物學文摘，化學文摘，CINAHL，刑事司法摘要，EMBASE，EMCare，環境文摘，電子精神，ETOH（酒精和酗酒問題科學數據庫），醫學文摘，食品科學與技術，一般科學指數，感激醫學，醫院文獻索引，文摘人力資源，國際藥學文摘（IPA），MEDLINE，體育指數，污染文摘，心理文摘，PsychINFO ，安全科學文摘，文摘家庭研究賢者，賢者人力資源文摘，科學引文索引，SCOPUS，SIIC數據庫，社會工作研究和摘要，並統計參考指數（SRI）/ LexisNexis公司。
本網站使用第三方服務（尼爾森 NetRatings的）收集信息的網站訪問者通過使用cookies和網絡信標。通過訪問該網站，用戶同意這些信息收集。點擊這裡（http://www.nielsen-netratings.com/privacy/sitecensus.htm），以了解更多有關我們如何使用第三方服務，信息收集和使用本網站。
最後更新2010年5月20日。
投稿契機：如何有效的供給健康資訊，是一個公共建康的問題
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH(SSCI)
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public HealthThe official journal of the Public Health Association of Australia
Edited by:
Dr Jeanne Daly, Professor John Lowe, Dr Priscilla Robinson, Professor Sandra Thompson, Professor Alistair Woodward
ISI Journal Citation Reports® Ranking: 2010: Public, Environmental & Occupational Health: 71 / 140; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health (Social Science): 42 / 114
Impact Factor: 1.529
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The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health is concerned with public health issues. The research reported includes formal epidemiological inquiries into the correlates and causes of diseases and health-related behaviour, analyses of public policy affecting health and disease, and detailed studies of the cultures and social structures within which health and illness exist. The Journal is multidisciplinary and aims to publish methodologically sound research from any of the academic disciplines that constitute public health.
TopNews and Announcements
ANZJPH announces its new Editorial Structure. Click here to read more.
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NIH Public Access Mandate
For those interested in the Wiley-Blackwell policy on the NIH Public Access Mandate, please visit our policy statement.
澳大利亞和新西蘭的公共HealthThe雜誌官方雜誌的公共衛生協會澳大利亞
編輯：
珍妮達利博士，教授約翰羅威，梁美芬羅賓遜博士，教授桑德拉湯普森教授阿利斯泰爾伍德沃德
ISI期刊引證報告®排名：2010：公共，環境與職業健康：一百四分之七十一，公共，環境與職業健康（社會科學）：一百一十四分之四十二
影響因子：1.529
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澳大利亞和新西蘭公共衛生雜誌所關注的公共衛生問題。該研究報告包括流行病學調查正式進入相關性和原因的疾病和健康相關的行為，分析了公共政策的影響健康和疾病，並詳細研究了在文化和社會結構的健康和疾病的存在。該雜誌是多學科，旨在發表研究方法得當，從任何學科構成公眾健康。
TopNews和公告
ANZJPH宣布其新的編輯結構。點擊這裡閱讀更多。
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美國國立衛生研究院公共存取授權
對於那些有興趣在Wiley - Blackwell的政策對美國國立衛生研究院公共訪問授權，請訪問我們的政策聲明。
投稿契機：慢性病的釐患的有無與健康促進與健康資訊處理的關係
EVALUATION & THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS(SSCI)
Evaluation & the Health Professions (EHP) is a peer-reviewed, quarterly journal that provides health-related professionals with state-of-the-art methodological, measurement, and statistical tools for conceptualizing the etiology of health promotion and problems, and developing, implementing, and evaluating health programs, teaching and training services, and products that pertain to a myriad of health dimensions.
Impact Factor: 1.208
Ranked: 49 out of 71 in Health Care Sciences & Services
Source: 2010 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2011)
評估和衛生業（EHP）是同行評審，季刊，提供與健康有關的專業人士與國家的最先進的方法，測量和統計工具，概念化的病因和問題，促進健康，發展，實施和評估健康計劃，教學和培訓服務，和產品，涉及到眾多的健康問題。
影響因子：1.208
排名：49出的71個保健科學與服務
來源：2010年期刊引證報告®（路透，2011年）
投稿契機：是一個建康測量工具的期刊，而本研究的工具發展也與健康工具量測有關
HEALTH & PLACE(SSCI)
The journal is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to the study of all aspects of health and health care in which place or location matters.
Recent years have seen closer links evolving between medical geography, medical sociology, health policy, public health and epidemiology. The journal reflects these convergences, which emphasise differences in health and health care between places, the experience of health and care in specific places, the development of health care for places, and the methodologies and theories underpinning the study of these issues.
The journal brings together international contributors from geography, sociology, social policy and public health. It offers readers comparative perspectives on the difference that place makes to the incidence of ill-health, the structuring of health-related behaviour, the provision and use of health services, and the development of health policy.
At a time when health matters are the subject of ever-increasing attention, Health & Place provides accessible and readable papers summarizing developments and reporting the latest research findings.
Hide Aims & Scope
The journal is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to the study of all aspects of health and health care in which place or location matters.
Recent years have seen closer links evolving between medical geography, medical sociology, health policy, public health and epidemiology. The journal reflects these convergences, which emphasise differences in health and health care between places, the experience of health and care in specific places, the development of health care for places, and the methodologies and theories underpinning the study of these issues.
該雜誌是一個跨學科期刊，致力於研究各方面的健康和衛生保健在哪個地方或地點的問題。
近年來，人們之間更密切的聯繫不斷發展的醫療地理，醫學社會學，衛生政策，公共衛生和流行病學。該雜誌反映了這些收斂，而強調差異，健康和衛生保健之間的地方，體驗健康和保健的具體地方，發展衛生保健場所，方法和理論基礎的研究這些問題。
該雜誌匯集了國際捐助者從地理學，社會學，社會政策和公共健康。它為讀者提供了比較的角度上的差異使得那個地方的發病率的健康欠佳，在結構與健康有關的行為，提供和使用衛生服務和衛生政策的發展。
而此時的健康問題是主體的不斷增加的關注，健康和地點提供了方便和可讀性的論文和報告，總結發展的最新研究成果。
隱藏宗旨與適用範圍
及範圍
投稿契機：與地理相關的健康研究，如果樣本區分地域，或是以數位落差的觀點來看。
HEALTH INFORMATION AND LIBRARIES JOURNAL(SSCI)
Health Information and Libraries JournalFormerly Health Libraries Review
Published on behalf of the Health Libraries Group of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals
Edited by:
Maria J Grant
ISI Journal Citation Reports® Ranking: 2010: Information Science & Library Science: 39 / 76
Impact Factor: 0.761
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Health Information and Libraries Journal (HILJ) provides practitioners, researchers, and students in library and health professions an international and interdisciplinary forum. Its objectives are to encourage discussion and to disseminate developments at the frontiers of information management and libraries. A major focus is communicating practices that are evidence based both in managing information and in supporting health care. The Journal encompasses (but is not restricted to):
Identifying health information needs and uses
Managing programmes and services in the changing health environment
Information technology and applications in health
Educating and training health information professionals
Outreach to health user groups
The editors welcome Original Articles on current practice/projects, research, studies under way, or the development of new resources and services. Review articles or state of the art papers.
健康信息與圖書館 JournalFormerly健康圖書館評論
發布代表健康圖書館集團的特許學院圖書館和信息專業人員
編輯：
瑪麗亞 J格蘭特
ISI期刊引證報告®排名：2010：信息科學與圖書館學：76分之39
影響因子：0.761
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健康信息與圖書館期刊（HILJ）提供從業人員，研究人員和學生在圖書館和衛生專業的國際和跨學科的論壇。其目標是鼓勵討論和傳播發展的前沿信息管理和圖書館。一個主要的重點是溝通的做法是證據的基礎上無論是在管理信息和支持衛生保健。該雜誌包括（但不限於）：
確定健康信息的需求，並使用
管理程序和服務在不斷變化的衛生環境
信息技術和應用的健康
教育和培訓衛生信息專業人員
外展健康用戶組
編者歡迎原創文章，目前的做法/項目，研究，研究正在進行，或開發新的資源和服務。評論文章或國家的藝術論文。
投稿契機：健康資訊為主題的期刊
JOURNAL OF AGING AND HEALTH(SSCI)
Journal of Aging and Health (JAH) explores the complex and dynamic relationship between gerontology and health. Peer-reviewed and published 8 times per year, scholars present views and perspectives from a wide variety of disciplines, including Allied Health, Psychology, Public Health, Social Policy and Work, Epidemiology, Health Services Research, Sociology, and Nursing.
老齡化與健康
老齡化與健康雜誌（JAH）探討了複雜和動態的關係老年學和健康。同行評審，並每年發表8次，學者目前的觀點和看法，從各種各樣的學科，包括專職醫療，心理學，公共衛生，社會政策和工作，流行病學，衛生服務研究，社會學，護理學。
投稿契機：高齡與健康資訊的研究
Aging & Mental Health provides a leading forum for the rapidly expanding field which investigates the relationship between the aging process and mental health. The international impact of the journal is well recognized. It has readers in over 40 countries, a rising impact factor and is indexed by ISI, MEDLINE, Current Contents and other widely used indexing systems. The journal addresses the mental changes associated with normal and abnormal or pathological aging, as well as the psychological and psychiatric problems of the aging population.
Aging & Mental Health covers the biological, psychological and social aspects of aging as they relate to mental health. In particular it encourages an integrated approach between the various biopsychosocial processes and etiological factors associated with psychological changes in the elderly. It also emphasizes the various strategies, therapies and services which may be directed at improving the mental health of the elderly. In this way the journal has a strong alliance between the theoretical, experimental and applied sciences across a range of issues affecting mental health and aging. The journal provides an original and dynamic focus to help integrate the normal and abnormal aspects of mental health in aging. In addition, theoretical issues can be set in the context of the important new practical developments in this field.
Readership
The journal is directed at an international audience, with editors in London and North America. The readership of the journal is drawn from many disciplines, with particularly strong representation from psychiatrists and psychologists working with the elderly. Its strong scientific foundation makes it of considerable interest to basic scientists interested in the biological, psychological and social aspects of aging and mental health.
Peer Review Integrity
All research articles in this journal, including those in special issues, special sections, or supplements, have undergone rigorous peer review, this generally involves initial editor screening and anonymized refereeing by at least two independent reviewers.
Disclaimer
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in its publications. However, Taylor & Francis and its agents and licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any purpose of the Content and disclaim all such representations and warranties whether expressed or implied to the maximum extent permitted by law. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and are not the views of Taylor & Francis.
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老化與心理健康提供了一個領先的論壇，迅速擴大的領域的調查之間的關係和心理健康老齡化進程。國際影響的雜誌是眾所公認。它的讀者遍及40個國家，一個崛起的影響因子，是由ISI索引，MEDLINE，當前目錄和其他廣泛使用的索引系統。該雜誌地址的心理變化與正常和不正常或病態的老化，以及心理和精神問題的人口老齡化。
老化與心理健康包括生理，心理和社會方面問題的研究，因為它們與心理健康。特別是鼓勵的綜合方法之間的各種生物心理過程和病因與心理變化的中老年人。它也強調了各種戰略，治療和服務，可改善精神健康的老人。在這樣的雜誌有一個強大的聯盟之間的理論，實驗和應用科學跨越一系列問題，影響心理健康和老化。該雜誌提供了一個原始和動態聚焦，幫助整合的正常和不正常的心理健康方面的老化。此外，可以設置理論問題的背景下新的實踐的重要發展，這一領域。
讀者
該雜誌是針對國際觀眾，與編輯在倫敦和北美。該雜誌的讀者是來自許多學科，具有較強的代表性，特別是從精神科醫生和心理學家與老人。其強大的科學基礎，使得它相當感興趣的基礎科學家感興趣的是生物，心理和社會方面問題的研究和心理健康。
審稿完整性
所有在這個雜誌上的研究文章，包括那些特殊問題，特殊路段，或補充劑，都經過嚴格的同行評審，這通常涉及初步篩選和編輯匿名裁判至少有兩個獨立的評審。
免責聲明
泰勒和弗朗西斯盡一切努力確保準確性的所有資料（“內容”）包含在其出版物。但是，泰勒和弗朗西斯及其代理人和授權作出任何陳述或保證任何的準確性，完整性或適宜作任何用途的內容和所有此類聲明，陳述和保證無論是明示或暗示的最大許可範圍內由法律規定。任何意見本出版物的意見是對作者的意見，不泰勒和弗朗西斯。
關於本雜誌
宗旨與適用範圍
抽象與編制索引
相關期刊
相關網站
編輯委員會
貢獻者
在線提交
投稿須知
電子期刊
在線內容
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR(SSCI)
The abstracts and full text of all journal articles, from 1999 onwards, are available online to view and download. Abstracts may be freely accessed by everyone. Articles are available for download by users and institutions with a current subscription or can be purchased individually. To access the full text journal CLICK HERE.
The Journal seeks to improve the quality of life through multidisciplinary health efforts in fostering a better understanding of the multidimensional nature of both individuals and social systems as they relate to health behaviors.
To provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of personal attributes, personality characteristics, behavior patterns, social structure, and processes on health maintenance, health restoration, and health improvement; to disseminate knowledge of holistic, multidisciplinary approaches to designing and implementing effective health programs; and to showcase health behavior analysis skills that have been proven to affect health improvement and recovery.
After 33 years of hard copy journals, the Journal has gone green. In an effort to contribute to a healthful environment, effective January 2010 we offer only electronic (online) access to the Journal. We're now paperless; it's great for you and great for the environment.
摘要和全文的所有期刊文章，從 1999年起，可在網上查看和下載。摘要可以自由訪問每一個人。文章可供下載用戶和機構提供當前訂閱，也可以單獨購買。要訪問的全文期刊點擊這裡。
該雜誌旨在改善生活質量，通過多學科的健康努力，促進更好地理解多維性質的個人和社會制度，因為它們與健康行為。
為了提供一個全面的認識的影響個人屬性，個性特徵，行為模式，社會結構和過程的健康維護，恢復健康和衛生的改善;傳播知識的綜合，多學科的方法來設計和實施有效的保健方案;並展示健康行為的分析技能，已被證明影響健康的改善和恢復。
經過 33年的印本期刊，雜誌已經綠色。為了有助於建立一個健康的環境，有效的2010年1月，我們只提供電子（在線）訪問日記。我們現在無紙化，它是偉大的為您和偉大的環境。
投稿契機：是一個歷史悠久的期刊，期刊目標與我目前的研究目的很接近
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION(SSCI)
Our History and Philosophy
Michael P. O'Donnell, PhD, MBA, MPH;
Editor in Chief, American Journal of Health Promotion
Established in 1986, the American Journal of Health Promotion was the first peer-reviewed publication devoted exclusively to health promotion. More than 20 years later it remains true to its original goals.
Provide a Forum for the many diverse disciplines that contribute to health promotion
Reduce the gap between health promotion research and practice by delivering the most current and relevant research in the field while addressing its practical application.
Almost half of all premature deaths in the United States and other developed countries are caused by lifestyle related problems. We can prevent many of these deaths and enhance quality of life for millions of people if we can help them exercise regularly, eat nutritious foods, avoid tobacco and excess alcohol, learn to manage stress, enhance social networks and economic conditions, clarify lifestyle values, and achieve a sense of fulfillment in their intellectual pursuits.
The goal of our organization is to raise the standard of health promotion research and practice through publications, meetings and public service.
The American Journal of Health Promotion, was launched in 1986 as the first peer reviewed journal devoted to health promotion and it remains the largest, with subscribers in all 50 United States and about 40 other countries. Our editorial goal is to provide a forum for the many diverse disciplines that contribute to health promotion and to reduce the gap between health promotion research and practice.
Our public service efforts include the formation of the Health Promotion Research Foundation, creation of the Robert F. Allen Symbol of H.O.P.E. Award, the American Journal of Health Award at Seoul Foreign School, providing advice to national health promotion organizations, creating a grassroots effort to build health promotion into the national agenda and participating in international health promotion efforts.
我們的歷史與哲學
邁克爾 P.奧唐奈，博士，MBA，MPH;
主編，美國雜誌健康促進
成立於 1986年，美國雜誌健康促進是第一個同行評審出版專門以促進健康。超過 20年後它仍然忠於原來的目標。
提供一個論壇，為許多不同的學科，有助於促進健康
縮小差距的健康促進研究和實踐提供最新及最相關領域的研究，同時解決其實際應用。
幾乎一半的人過早死亡，在美國和其他發達國家的生活方式引起的相關問題。我們可以預防許多這些死亡和提高生活質量為百萬計的人，如果我們能夠幫助他們經常鍛煉，多吃有營養的食物，避免吸煙和過量飲酒，學會管理壓力，增強社會網絡和經濟條件，生活方式的價值澄清，實現感在履行他們的智力的追求。
我們組織的目標是要提高標準的健康促進研究和實踐，通過出版物，會議和公共服務。
美國雜誌健康促進，是在1986年推出的第一個同行評審的雜誌致力於促進健康，它仍然是最大的，與用戶在所有50個美國和其他國家的約 40。我們的編輯目標是提供一個論壇，許多不同的學科，有助於促進健康和減少差距健康促進研究和實踐。
我們的公共服務，努力形成包括健康促進研究基金會，創造了羅伯特艾倫 F.象徵 HOPE獎，美國雜誌健康大獎在首爾外國人學校，提供諮詢意見的國家健康促進機構，建立基層努力建立健康促進納入國家議程和參加國際健康促進工作。
投稿契機：健康促進是一個重點
Journal of Men's Health(SSCI)
American Journal of Men's Health (AJMH) is a peer-reviewed quarterly resource for cutting-edge information regarding men's health and illness. AJMH publishes papers from all health, behavioral and social disciplines, including but not limited to medicine, nursing, allied health, public health, health psychology/behavioral medicine, and medical sociology and anthropology.
雜誌男性健康
美國雜誌男性健康（AJMH）是同行評審每季資源前沿信息關於男性健康和疾病。 AJMH發表論文的所有健康，行為和社會學科，包括但不限於醫學，護理，專職醫療，衛生，健康心理學/行為醫學，醫學社會學和人類學。
投稿契機：榮家榮民都是男性，所以可以以此為題
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH(SSCI)
About the Journal
The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) is dedicated to publication of original work in research, research methods, and program evaluation in the field of public health. The Journal also regularly publishes editorials and commentaries and serves as a forum for health policy analysis. The mission of the Journal is to advance public health research, policy, practice, and education. Each month, national and international public health professionals turn to AJPH for the most current, authoritative, in-depth information in the field.
The goals of both the online and the print versions of the Journal, published monthly by the American Public Health Association, are
To publish the best scientific research in the field of public health
To serve as a forum for diverse viewpoints on major public health issues and policies
To promote diverse public health practice models
To increase public and professional understanding of public health problems and their solutions through delivery channels relevant to different audiences and their needs
To work in concert with the 3 main priorities of the American Public Health Association, namely to develop universal coverage, eliminate health disparities, and rebuild the public health infrastructure.
AJPH, first published in 1911, is the official Journal of the American Public Health Association, 800 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20001-3710; (202) 777-APHA(2742). APHA is a professional society founded in 1872 to represent all disciplines and specialties in public health.
Impact on Public Health
The 2009 impact factor of the Journal measure of the frequency with which an average article is cited each year in the 2 years after publications 4.371 up from 4.241 in 2008. The Journal ranks #2 of 95 titles in the Public, Environmental and Occupational Health category of the 2009 Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index compared to last year's #3 of 76 titles. It ranks #9 of 122 titles compared to last year's #10 of 105 in the same category in the Science Edition.
Quality Peer Review
Customized by HighWire Press of Stanford University, the Journal's electronic peer review tracking system is accessible to authors, reviewers, editors, and staff at http://submit.ajph.org. Access is also available via the Online Submission/Review link at http://www.ajph.org, the Journal's homepage. If you have the appropriate background for serving as a reviewer, we invite you to register.
Authors log on to this system and submit abstract, manuscript, and reference files; tables, figures, and photos; and supplementary material. Authors can save work in progress, proof and submit revisions, download and review proofs, check on status, update personal information, and review their past submission records. References can be checked via links to sources. Decisions are sent to authors via email.
Reviewers receive an email invitation to review a specific article that they may either accept or decline after viewing an abstract of the article. If they accept, they upload their comments for both the author and the editor. The review process is blinded: authors are not told the identities of the reviewers, and reviewers are not told the identities of authors. As the review period concludes, reviewers have access to each other's comments, thus providing valuable feedback. Reviewers also have access to an archive of their past papers and performance.
Reviewed papers usually receive careful scrutiny by 3 reviewers and additional assessment by the responsible associate editor, deputy editor, and editor-in-chief. Initial screening results in rejection of the majority of manuscripts within 2 weeks of submission. For those papers that are selected for review, the time to first decision is about 2 months. Overall time from submission to acceptance, which includes revisions by the authors, is about 4.6 months.
Final decisions were made on 2,765 papers in 2009. Of these papers, 513 (18.55%) were accepted for publication. Another 1921 papers (69.48%) were rejected upon initial screening by the editors, 283 (10.24%) were rejected after peer review, and 48 (1.74%) were rejected with resubmission encouraged.
Unique Online Features
The online Journal is a delivery channel of special importance to those in the research, academic, student, and practice communities. It is the official version of the journal. Among key benefits for users are the cross-journal search capabilities and free hyperlinking from article references to full-text articles in more than 1212 other online journals that are hosted by HighWire Press, a division of Stanford University Libraries.
Other features include focused searches for related articles or articles by the same author; online letters to the editor; email alerts to new published content; a subject collections index; citation tracking and management; access to supplementary material; and a variety of help and feedback features to assist you in your searches.
Diverse Content
Authors from around the globe contribute to AJPH their original unpublished research, social science analyses, scholarly essays, critical commentaries, and letters to the editor. Department submissions include
Government, Politics, and Law--public health arguments grounded in critical analysis
Health Policy and Ethics Forum--debates on public health issues
Field Action Reports--reports on practice-based programs and initiatives with potential to advance the public's health
Framing Health Matters--articles featuring work in the social sciences and other disciplines
Faces of Public Health and Going Public--profiles of outstanding leaders and examples of vital public health work
Images of Public Health, Public Health Then and Now, and Voices From the Past--stories from public health history still relevant today
Statistically Speaking--a forum offering highlights and guidance from the world of statistics.
Abstracting and Indexing
Publications that index or abstract articles from AJPH include the following: Ageline, Assia (Applied Social Science Index and Abstracts), Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, CINAHL, Criminal Justice Abstracts, EMBASE, EMCare, Environmental Abstracts, e-psyche, ETOH (Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database), Excerpta Medica, Food Science and Technology, General Science Index, Grateful Med, Hospital Literature Index, Human Resources Abstracts, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), Medline, Physical Education Index, Pollution Abstracts, Psychological Abstracts, PsychINFO, Safety Science Abstracts, Sage Family Studies Abstracts, Sage Human Resources Abstracts, Science Citation Index, SCOPUS, SIIC Data Bases, Social Work Research and Abstracts, and Statistical Reference Index (SRI)/LexisNexis.
This Web site uses a third party service (Nielsen Netratings) to collect information on visitors to the Web site through the use of cookies and Web beacons. By accessing this Web site, users agree to have this information collected. Click here (http://www.nielsen-netratings.com/privacy/sitecensus.htm) to learn more information on how we use a third party service to collect and use information on this Web site.
Last updated 5/20/2010.
關於雜誌
美國公共衛生雜誌（AJPH）致力於出版原創作品的研究，研究方法和方案評價領域的公眾健康。該雜誌還經常刊登社論和評論，並作為一個論壇，供衛生政策分析。該雜誌的使命是促進公眾健康研究，政策，實踐和教育。每個月，國家和國際公共衛生專業人員轉向 AJPH為最新的，權威的，深入的信息領域。
這些目標的同時在線和印刷版的雜誌，每月公佈的美國公共衛生協會，是
要發布的最佳科學領域的研究公共衛生
作為一個論壇，供不同的觀點就重大公共衛生問題和政策
為了促進各種公共健康實踐模式
為了提高公眾的認識和專業公共衛生問題及其解決方案，通過有關渠道提供不同的觀眾和他們的需求
要在演唱會與 3個主要的優先事項，美國公共衛生協會，即開發普及，消除健康差距，公共衛生基礎設施的重建。
AJPH，首次出版於 1911年，是官方雜誌的美國公共衛生協會，800餘街，西北，華盛頓，DC 20001-3710（202）777 - APHA（2742）。 APHA是一家專業成立於 1872年的社會代表所有學科和專業在公眾健康。
影響公眾健康
2009年影響因子的期刊測量的頻率，平均每年被引文章在2年後出版s 4.371從 2008年的4.241。該雜誌排名中排名第2 95職稱的公眾，環境和職業健康類的2009年湯姆森路透社會科學引文索引相比，去年的排名第76的標題。它排名＃9 122頭銜相比，去年的10號 105在同一類別中的科學版。
質量審稿
定制由斯坦福大學 HighWire出版社，期刊的同行評審的電子跟踪系統可以訪問作家，評論家，編輯和工作人員 http://submit.ajph.org。訪問也可通過網上提交/修改鏈接 http://www.ajph.org，該雜誌的網頁。如果您有適當的背景擔任審閱，我們邀請您註冊。
作者登錄到該系統，並提交抽象，手稿和參考文件，表格，圖表和照片，以及補充材料。作者可以節省工作正在進行中，證明並提交修改，下載和審查證明，檢查狀態，更新個人資料，並提交審查其過去的記錄。引用可以通過檢查鏈接來源。決定是通過電子郵件發送給作者。
審稿人收到一封電子郵件，邀請審查的具體條款，他們可以選擇接受或拒絕後，觀看一個抽象的文章。如果他們接受，他們上傳自己的意見為作者和編輯。審查過程是蒙蔽：作者的身份是不告訴的評論，和評審的身份都沒有告訴作者。由於審查期間結束，評審獲得對方的意見，從而提供有價值的反饋。審稿人也有機會獲得他們過去的歸檔文件和性能。
審核通常會收到論文仔細審閱 3的評論和其他評估，負責的副主編，副主編和主編，主編。初步篩查結果拒絕了大部分手稿2個星期內提交。對於這些文件被選定的審查，第一個決定的時間約為 2個月。總體時間從提交到接受，其中包括修改的作者，是約 4.6個月。
最後的決定，都是在2765的論文在2009年。這些論文，513（18.55％）被接受發表。另一個 1921年的論文（69.48％）被拒絕後，初步篩選了編輯，283（10.24％）被拒絕後，同行評審，48（1.74％）被拒絕，並重新提交鼓舞。
獨特的在線功能
在線雜誌是傳遞通道的特殊重要性，對那些在科研，學術，學生，實踐社區。這是正式版的雜誌。其中主要好處是為用戶跨期刊搜索能力和免費超鏈接引用的文章全文文章在超過 1212其他在線雜誌所承載的HighWire出版社，表決斯坦福大學圖書館。
其他功能還包括集中搜索相關的文章或文章的作者，網上來信，電子郵件警報，新發布的內容，一個主題收藏指數;引文跟踪和管理，獲得補充材料;和各種幫助和反饋功能，以幫助您在您的搜索。
內容多樣
作者來自世界各地的貢獻 AJPH原未發表的研究，社會科學的分析，學術文章，批判評論和讀者來信。部提交的包括
政府，政治和法律 - 公共衛生參數立足於批判性分析
衛生政策與倫理論壇 - 公共健康問題的辯論
現場行動報告 - 報告實踐為基礎的方案和舉措，以推進與潛在的公眾健康
制定衛生問題 - 用品為特色工作在社會科學和其他學科
面臨著公共健康和上市程序 - 型材的卓越領導人和例子公共衛生工作的重要
圖片公共衛生，公共健康和現在，和聲音從過去 - 從公共衛生的歷史故事在今天仍然適用
從統計數據上 - 提供一個論壇，重點和指導世界的統計資料。
文摘和索引
出版物的索引或文章從抽象AJPH包括以下內容：Ageline，阿夏（應用社會科學索引和摘要），生物學文摘，化學文摘，CINAHL，刑事司法摘要，EMBASE，EMCare，環境文摘，電子精神，ETOH（酒精和酗酒問題科學數據庫），醫學文摘，食品科學與技術，一般科學指數，感激醫學，醫院文獻索引，文摘人力資源，國際藥學文摘（IPA），MEDLINE，體育指數，污染文摘，心理文摘，PsychINFO ，安全科學文摘，文摘家庭研究賢者，賢者人力資源文摘，科學引文索引，SCOPUS，SIIC數據庫，社會工作研究和摘要，並統計參考指數（SRI）/ LexisNexis公司。
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最後更新2010年5月20日。
投稿契機：如何有效的供給健康資訊，是一個公共建康的問題
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH(SSCI)
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public HealthThe official journal of the Public Health Association of Australia
Edited by:
Dr Jeanne Daly, Professor John Lowe, Dr Priscilla Robinson, Professor Sandra Thompson, Professor Alistair Woodward
ISI Journal Citation Reports® Ranking: 2010: Public, Environmental & Occupational Health: 71 / 140; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health (Social Science): 42 / 114
Impact Factor: 1.529
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The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health is concerned with public health issues. The research reported includes formal epidemiological inquiries into the correlates and causes of diseases and health-related behaviour, analyses of public policy affecting health and disease, and detailed studies of the cultures and social structures within which health and illness exist. The Journal is multidisciplinary and aims to publish methodologically sound research from any of the academic disciplines that constitute public health.
TopNews and Announcements
ANZJPH announces its new Editorial Structure. Click here to read more.
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澳大利亞和新西蘭的公共HealthThe雜誌官方雜誌的公共衛生協會澳大利亞
編輯：
珍妮達利博士，教授約翰羅威，梁美芬羅賓遜博士，教授桑德拉湯普森教授阿利斯泰爾伍德沃德
ISI期刊引證報告®排名：2010：公共，環境與職業健康：一百四分之七十一，公共，環境與職業健康（社會科學）：一百一十四分之四十二
影響因子：1.529
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澳大利亞和新西蘭公共衛生雜誌所關注的公共衛生問題。該研究報告包括流行病學調查正式進入相關性和原因的疾病和健康相關的行為，分析了公共政策的影響健康和疾病，並詳細研究了在文化和社會結構的健康和疾病的存在。該雜誌是多學科，旨在發表研究方法得當，從任何學科構成公眾健康。
TopNews和公告
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投稿契機：慢性病的釐患的有無與健康促進與健康資訊處理的關係
EVALUATION & THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS(SSCI)
Evaluation & the Health Professions (EHP) is a peer-reviewed, quarterly journal that provides health-related professionals with state-of-the-art methodological, measurement, and statistical tools for conceptualizing the etiology of health promotion and problems, and developing, implementing, and evaluating health programs, teaching and training services, and products that pertain to a myriad of health dimensions.
Impact Factor: 1.208
Ranked: 49 out of 71 in Health Care Sciences & Services
Source: 2010 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2011)
評估和衛生業（EHP）是同行評審，季刊，提供與健康有關的專業人士與國家的最先進的方法，測量和統計工具，概念化的病因和問題，促進健康，發展，實施和評估健康計劃，教學和培訓服務，和產品，涉及到眾多的健康問題。
影響因子：1.208
排名：49出的71個保健科學與服務
來源：2010年期刊引證報告®（路透，2011年）
投稿契機：是一個建康測量工具的期刊，而本研究的工具發展也與健康工具量測有關
HEALTH & PLACE(SSCI)
The journal is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to the study of all aspects of health and health care in which place or location matters.
Recent years have seen closer links evolving between medical geography, medical sociology, health policy, public health and epidemiology. The journal reflects these convergences, which emphasise differences in health and health care between places, the experience of health and care in specific places, the development of health care for places, and the methodologies and theories underpinning the study of these issues.
The journal brings together international contributors from geography, sociology, social policy and public health. It offers readers comparative perspectives on the difference that place makes to the incidence of ill-health, the structuring of health-related behaviour, the provision and use of health services, and the development of health policy.
At a time when health matters are the subject of ever-increasing attention, Health & Place provides accessible and readable papers summarizing developments and reporting the latest research findings.
Hide Aims & Scope
The journal is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to the study of all aspects of health and health care in which place or location matters.
Recent years have seen closer links evolving between medical geography, medical sociology, health policy, public health and epidemiology. The journal reflects these convergences, which emphasise differences in health and health care between places, the experience of health and care in specific places, the development of health care for places, and the methodologies and theories underpinning the study of these issues.
該雜誌是一個跨學科期刊，致力於研究各方面的健康和衛生保健在哪個地方或地點的問題。
近年來，人們之間更密切的聯繫不斷發展的醫療地理，醫學社會學，衛生政策，公共衛生和流行病學。該雜誌反映了這些收斂，而強調差異，健康和衛生保健之間的地方，體驗健康和保健的具體地方，發展衛生保健場所，方法和理論基礎的研究這些問題。
該雜誌匯集了國際捐助者從地理學，社會學，社會政策和公共健康。它為讀者提供了比較的角度上的差異使得那個地方的發病率的健康欠佳，在結構與健康有關的行為，提供和使用衛生服務和衛生政策的發展。
而此時的健康問題是主體的不斷增加的關注，健康和地點提供了方便和可讀性的論文和報告，總結發展的最新研究成果。
隱藏宗旨與適用範圍
及範圍
投稿契機：與地理相關的健康研究，如果樣本區分地域，或是以數位落差的觀點來看。
HEALTH INFORMATION AND LIBRARIES JOURNAL(SSCI)
Health Information and Libraries JournalFormerly Health Libraries Review
Published on behalf of the Health Libraries Group of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals
Edited by:
Maria J Grant
ISI Journal Citation Reports® Ranking: 2010: Information Science & Library Science: 39 / 76
Impact Factor: 0.761
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Health Information and Libraries Journal (HILJ) provides practitioners, researchers, and students in library and health professions an international and interdisciplinary forum. Its objectives are to encourage discussion and to disseminate developments at the frontiers of information management and libraries. A major focus is communicating practices that are evidence based both in managing information and in supporting health care. The Journal encompasses (but is not restricted to):
Identifying health information needs and uses
Managing programmes and services in the changing health environment
Information technology and applications in health
Educating and training health information professionals
Outreach to health user groups
The editors welcome Original Articles on current practice/projects, research, studies under way, or the development of new resources and services. Review articles or state of the art papers.
健康信息與圖書館 JournalFormerly健康圖書館評論
發布代表健康圖書館集團的特許學院圖書館和信息專業人員
編輯：
瑪麗亞 J格蘭特
ISI期刊引證報告®排名：2010：信息科學與圖書館學：76分之39
影響因子：0.761
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健康信息與圖書館期刊（HILJ）提供從業人員，研究人員和學生在圖書館和衛生專業的國際和跨學科的論壇。其目標是鼓勵討論和傳播發展的前沿信息管理和圖書館。一個主要的重點是溝通的做法是證據的基礎上無論是在管理信息和支持衛生保健。該雜誌包括（但不限於）：
確定健康信息的需求，並使用
管理程序和服務在不斷變化的衛生環境
信息技術和應用的健康
教育和培訓衛生信息專業人員
外展健康用戶組
編者歡迎原創文章，目前的做法/項目，研究，研究正在進行，或開發新的資源和服務。評論文章或國家的藝術論文。
投稿契機：健康資訊為主題的期刊
JOURNAL OF AGING AND HEALTH(SSCI)
Journal of Aging and Health (JAH) explores the complex and dynamic relationship between gerontology and health. Peer-reviewed and published 8 times per year, scholars present views and perspectives from a wide variety of disciplines, including Allied Health, Psychology, Public Health, Social Policy and Work, Epidemiology, Health Services Research, Sociology, and Nursing.
老齡化與健康
老齡化與健康雜誌（JAH）探討了複雜和動態的關係老年學和健康。同行評審，並每年發表8次，學者目前的觀點和看法，從各種各樣的學科，包括專職醫療，心理學，公共衛生，社會政策和工作，流行病學，衛生服務研究，社會學，護理學。
投稿契機：高齡與健康資訊的研究
2011年7月20日 星期三
Health Information Processing From Television: The Role of Health Orientation心得
Health Communication
Volume 21, Issue 1, 2007 Abstract
The quintessential presence of television in modern American life has led to decades of research on the unhealthy effects of television.
However, recent years have witnessed a surge in scholarship seeking to interrogate the positive health effects of television, particularly in the realm of incorporating health content into entertainment-based television programs.
One of the important critical questions in the realm of the positive health effects of television focuses on the amount of health information learning contributed by health information content on television.
This article takes a motivation-based approach to health information learning from television, arguing that health orientation influences the amount of health information learned by individuals from television.
On the basis of 2 separate studies, the article demonstrates that individuals who learn health information from a variety of television programs are more health oriented than individuals who do not learn health information from these television programs.
摘要
典型的存在在現代美國的電視生活導致了幾十年的研究電視的不健康影響。
然而，近年來出現了激增獎學金尋求審問的積極健康的影響，電視，尤其是在健康領域的內容納入到娛樂為主的電視節目。
其中一個重要的關鍵問題在健康領域的積極影響電視的重點是衛生信息學額貢獻由健康的信息內容在電視上。
本文將動機為基礎的衛生信息學，從電視，認為健康的方向影響量的個人健康信息學會從電視。
在此基礎上2個獨立的研究，文章表明，個人誰學會從各種健康信息的電視節目更注重健康比個人誰不學習健康信息從這些電視節目。
Television is ubiquitous in modern American life, occupying much of Americans’ leisure time (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, Signorielli, & Shanahan, 2002).
The new millennium household watches approximately 7 hr of television each day (Gerbner et al., 2002).
Extant scholarship on the role of television in society has predominantly emphasized the negative effects of television.
The negative effects research has been extrapolated to the realm of health, with a large number of studies investigating the role of television in the context of violence, drug use, sexual abuse, and alcohol consumption (Gerbner et al., 2002).
Applying cultivation and social cognitive theories, communication scholars have argued that television cultivates a distorted view of the world among heavy viewers of television and teaches unhealthy behaviors by modeling them in program content.
電視無處不在現代美國人的生活，佔領大部分美國人的休閒時間（格伯納，毛，摩根，Signorielli，與沙納漢，2002年）。
新千年家庭手錶約 700小時的電視每天（格伯納等人，2002年）。
現存獎學金的角色在社會上有電視的負面影響主要是強調了電視。
的負面影響的研究已外推到境界的健康，大量研究調查的作用的背景下，電視暴力，吸毒，性虐待，飲酒（格伯納等人，2002年）。
培育和應用社會認知理論，傳播學者認為，電視培養了扭曲的世界觀中重教觀眾的電視和不健康的行為通過模擬他們的節目內容。
Cultivation theorists propose that heavy viewership of television leads to estimations of frequencies of certain groups and behaviors that match the frequencies portrayed in the programs (Gerbner et al., 2002).
Television programs such as soap operas and sitcoms cultivate in the viewer a perspective of the world that does not match reality
but instead reflects the nature of the television world (Gerbner et al., 2002; Gerbner, Gross, Signorielli, Morgan,& Jackson-Beeck, 1979).
In other words, the world of the television viewer, according to cultivation theory, is closely aligned with the world created in the television program, not the real world (Gerbner et al., 2002; Gerbner et al., 1979).
Support for cultivation-based conclusions is observed in audience estimates of aggression, divorce, crime, illegitimate children, unsafe sex, pregnancy rates, abortions, difficult relationships, and adultery (Gerbner et al., 2002; Gerbner et al., 1979).
培養理論家建議重的電視收視率估計導致某些群體的頻率和行為相匹配的頻率描繪的方案（格伯納等人，2002年）。
電視節目如肥皂劇和情景喜劇培養觀眾的角度對世界不符合現實
而是反映了全球性的電視（格伯納等人，2002;格伯納，毛，Signorielli，摩根，和傑克遜 Beeck，1979）。
換句話說，世界上的電視觀眾，根據栽培理論，是與世界緊密結合創造了電視節目，不是真正的世界（格伯納等人，2002年;格伯納等人，1979年）。
支持培養為基礎的結論是觀察觀眾估計侵略，離婚，犯罪，非婚生子女，不安全的性行為，懷孕率，人工流產，難以關係，通姦（格伯納等人，2002年;格伯納等人，1979年）。
Social cognitive theory complements cultivation theory in building the argument that behavior on television becomes the script for the enactment of behavior among audience members (Bandura, 2002).
At the heart of the social cognitive effects of mass media lies the argument that people learn behaviors “either designedly or unintentionally from models in one’s immediate environment” (Bandura, 2002, p. 126).
Viewers learn behaviors by watching television characters engage in them.
Most studies of vicarious learning from television through modeling have been conducted in the realm of aggression and sexual behavior (Bandura, 1973, 2002).
Therefore, both the cultivation-effects line of research and the social cognitive approach attest to the important negative health effects of television.
社會認知理論的補充栽培理論建設行為的說法在電視上成為腳本頒布觀眾之間的行為（班杜拉，2002）。
在心臟的社會認知的影響大眾傳媒的論點，即在於人們學習的行為“或無意或特意從模型在一個人的直接環境”（班杜拉，2002年，第126頁）。
觀眾通過觀看電視學習行為字符搞起來。
大多數研究的替代學習電視通過建模已經在該領域進行的侵略和性行為（班杜拉，1973年，2002年）。
因此，無論是種植效果線的研究和社會認知的方法證明了重要的負面健康影響的電視節目。
However, recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in health consciousness within the United States accompanied by an explosive growth in health-oriented television program content.
Learning from the lessons of educational entertainment programming offered on television in other parts of the world, American scholars have started exploring the possibility of using entertainment programming within the United States to communicate healthy themes.
This growing interest in catapulting the powers of television to send out healthy message led to the dedication of an entire issue of Communication Theory to the topic of entertainment education (Slater & Rouner, 2002).
In the face of the growing interest in using television as a conduit for communicating health-related information, it is significant to explore the heath effects of television.
This article proposes to study the role of television in learning health information and, by doing so, seeks to build a theoretical framework for health information processing and suggest media planning applications for the use of television programs as media vehicles for health campaigns.
Specifically, I studied the role of health motivation in facilitating the learning of health information from television programs.
然而，近年來出現了大幅增加，健康意識在美國伴隨著爆炸式增長，健康化的電視節目內容。
學習的教訓教育上提供電視娛樂節目在其他世界各地，美國學者已經開始探索使用的可能性娛樂節目在美國進行交流健康的主題。
在這種越來越大的興趣一躍權力，電視發出的健康信息導致了整個問題的奉獻傳播理論的主題娛樂教育（斯萊特和Rouner，2002）。
在面對越來越大的興趣在利用電視作為一種渠道的溝通與健康有關的信息，它是重要的影響，探討希思電視。
本文擬研究的作用電視學習健康信息，並通過這樣做，目的是建立一個健康的理論框架，並建議媒體信息處理規劃申請的使用的電視節目，媒體車輛衛生運動。
具體來說，我研究的作用在促進健康的學習動機的健康信息來自電視節目。
TELEVISION AND LEARNING
How do viewers learn from television?
That television contributes to viewer learning has remained a central area of investigation in mass communication (Eveland, 2002).
In particular, scholars of mass communication have sought to investigate the role of news programs in facilitating audience learning (Eveland, 2001, 2002).
The variables that have been traditionally investigated in the realm of learning from news are exposure, attention, and motivation (Eveland, 2001).
電視及學習
觀眾學習如何從電視？
這電視有助於觀眾學習一直是中心區的調查，大眾傳播（Eveland，2002）。
特別是，大眾傳播學者都力求調查新聞節目的作用在促進觀眾學習（Eveland，2001年，2002年）。
這些變量已在該領域研究傳統的學習新聞的曝光，注意力和動機（Eveland，2001）。
Exposure
Many studies have emphasized exposure as a central independent variable in learning from the news (Atkin, Galloway, & Nayman, 1976; Bennett, Flickinger, Baker, Rhine, & Bennett, 1996; Drew & Weaver, 1990; McLeod & McDonald, 1985; Robinson & Levy, 1996).
Researchers have demonstrated that exposure indeed predicts knowledge, although the effect sizes are typically small (Atkin et al., 1976; Bennett et al., 1996; Drew & Weaver, 1990; Eveland, 2001, 2002; McLeod & McDonald, 1985; Robinson & Levy, 1996).
In addition to the small size of the effects in the exposure-based research, such research is also limited by its simplicity and does not tell one much about the process of learning that audience members go through (Eveland, 2001).
曝光
許多研究都強調接觸，作為中央獨立變量從新聞中學習（阿特金，加洛韋，與 Nayman，1976;貝內特，弗利金傑，貝克，萊茵河，與貝內特，1996;德魯和韋弗，1990;麥克勞德和麥當勞，1985;羅賓遜和利維，1996）。
研究人員已經證明，確實暴露預測知識，雖然效果的大小通常是小（阿特金等人，1976年;貝內特等人，1996;德魯和韋弗，1990; Eveland，2001年，2002年;麥克勞德和麥當勞，1985;羅賓遜及徵，1996）。
除了體積小的影響，在曝光為基礎的研究，這些研究還受到其簡單和沒有告訴一大部分有關學習的過程中觀眾經歷（Eveland，2001）。
Attention
In their critique of the simple exposure-based paradigm, media researchers have introduced the concept of attention to explain audience learning from news (Chaffee & Scheluder, 1986; McLeod & McDonald, 1985).
Attention is a cognitive variable that captures the extent to which the audience member is focusing on the information presented to him or her and allocating his or her cognitive effort to process the information (Dutta-Bergman, 2004), and it predicts learning beyond simple exposure (Chaffee & Scheluder, 1986; Craik & Tulving, 1975; McLeod & McDonald, 1985).
The role of attention was particularly critical in the domain of learning from television news, because, unlike newspapers, television as a medium creates the opportunity for inattentive processing (Chaffee & Scheluder, 1986; Eveland, 2002; Kosicki & McLeod, 1990).
注意
在他們的批判的簡單暴露的模式，研究人員已經推出了媒體關注的概念來解釋觀眾從新聞學（查菲和Scheluder，1986;麥克勞德和麥當勞，1985）。
注意是一種認知變量，它抓住了何種程度的觀眾是注重對信息提供給他或她和分配他或她的認知努力來處理信息（杜塔，伯格曼，2004年），它超越了簡單的預測學習曝光（查菲和Scheluder，1986;克雷克＆Tulving，1975;麥克勞德和麥當勞，1985）。
注意的作用，特別是在關鍵領域的學習，從電視新聞，因為，不像報紙，電視作為一種媒介創造了機會，不留神處理（查菲和Scheluder，1986; Eveland，2002; Kosicki和麥克勞德，1990）。
Similar concepts, such as elaboration and reflective integration have been used in the literature to explain how audiences learn from the media (Eveland, 2002).
Elaboration refers to the process of assimilating incoming information with existing knowledge; through it, the person “attaches connotative and associative meanings” (Perse, 1990, p. 19).
Perse (1990) argued that “during elaboration the information is linked mnemonically to similar information, placed in an organizational structure, and responses are rehearsed” (p. 19).
Therefore, when the receiver of the message chooses to elaborate on it, he or she learns from the message, and the content gets incorporated into his or her cognitive schema.
Kosicki and McLeod (1990) posited that “reflective integration represents the postexposure salience of information such that it occupies the mind and is the subject of interpersonal discussion” (p. 75).
Similar to the concept of elaboration discussed by Perse, the audience member has to actively act on the message and incorporate it into his or her cognitive structure in order to act on it; the only difference is that reflective integration results in interpersonal discussion about the topic.
Essential to the attention-based information-processing framework is that, for learning to occur, the receiver of the information must decide to invest his or her cognitive effort in processing the information.
This choice of cognitively processing the information is a product of individual motivation (Eveland, 2001, 2002); in other words, information processing mediates the relationship between motivation and learning (Eveland, 2001, 2002).
類似的概念，如制定和反光一體化已用於文獻觀眾講解如何學習媒體（Eveland，2002）。
精是指在吸收過程中收到的信息與現有的知識，通過它，人“的重視內涵和關聯的含義”（Perse，1990年，第19頁）。
Perse（1990）認為，“在闡述了信息聯繫 mnemonically的類似資料，放置在一個組織結構，反應排練”（第19頁）。
因此，當接收郵件的精心選擇上，他或她學會從消息和內容被納入了他或她的認知模式。
Kosicki和McLeod（1990）假定，“反思融合代表了暴露後突出的信息，例如，它佔據了頭腦，是受人際討論”
（第75頁）。
類似概念的闡述討論 Perse，觀眾成員要積極採取行動的消息，並把它納入自己的認知結構，以便採取行動就可以了，唯一不同的是，在人際反射積分結果討論的話題。
必不可少的注意力為基礎的信息處理框架是，為學習發生，接收的信息必須決定他或她的投資認知努力，處理的信息。
這種選擇處理信息的認知是一個產品的個人動機（Eveland，2001年，2002年），換句話說，信息處理調解之間的關係和學習動機（Eveland，2001年，2002年）。
Motivation
Elaboration likelihood model.
Message elaboration is central to the extent to which individuals learn from the media. The elaboration likelihood model (ELM), developed by Petty and Cacioppo (1981, 1986), proposes two different information-processing mechanisms.
One of these routes, known as the peripheral route in ELM, is more superficial than the other route, the central processing route (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty, Cacioppo, & Schumann,
1983).
Peripheral route processing does not evoke argument scrutiny, leading to persuasion because of positive or negative associations or because of simple inferential cues present in the information environment (Petty et al., 1983).
Examples of peripheral cues include non-messagebased elements, such as source attractiveness (Petty et al., 1983), music, length of message, or number of arguments.
The central route involves deeper and more effort-intensive processing (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty et al., 1983).
Message processing through the central route occurs after the diligent consideration of relevant argument-based information (Petty et al., 1983).
Therefore, when processing information through the central route, the consumer pays attention to the arguments present in the message, preferring stronger arguments to weaker ones (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).
動機
精可能性模型。
消息是中央制定的程度，個人的學習媒體。擬訂的可能性模型（ELM），開發的小資和卡西奧普（1981年，1986年），提出了兩種不同的信息處理機制。
這些路線之一，被稱為周邊路線在ELM，是比較膚淺比其他路線，中央工藝路線（佩蒂和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資，卡西奧普，與舒曼，
1983年）。
周邊路由處理不引起爭論的審查，導致說服力，因為協會或積極或消極的，因為簡單的推理線索存在於信息環境（佩蒂等人，1983年）。
周邊線索的例子包括非messagebased元素，如源的吸引力（小資等，1983），音樂，長度的消息，或數字參數。
涉及中央的路線更深入，更努力，深加工（小資和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資等，1983）。
消息處理通過中央的路線後發生的辛勤審議有關的論證為基礎的信息（佩蒂等人，1983年）。
因此，在處理信息，通過中央的路線，消費者注重的參數目前在消息，寧願更強參數較弱的（小＆卡西奧普，1986）。
Elaboration theorists argue that the extent to which an individual will elaborate on a message depends on the degree to which he or she is motivated to process the message and on his or her abilities to process the message (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty et al., 1983).
The receiver has to be both able and motivated to process a message in order to go through the central route and thoroughly scrutinize the arguments presented in the message (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty et al., 1983).
When motivation and/or ability are low, the receiver will make his or her decisions on the basis of heuristic and/or affective cues (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty et al., 1983).
Therefore, audience motivation is one of the critical components of message processing. Learning occurs only when the message has been processed centrally and, therefore, only in those circumstances when the individual is motivated to process the message (Berry, 1983; Craik & Tulving, 1975).
精理論家認為，在何種程度上會詳細說明個人消息的程度取決於他或她的動機來處理消息，並在他或她的能力來處理消息（小資和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資等，1983）。
接收器必須既能夠和主動地處理信息，以便通過中央的路線，徹底審議中提出的論點消息（小資和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資等，1983）。
當動機和/或能力低，接收器將讓他或她的決定的基礎上，啟發式和/或情感線索（佩蒂和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資等，1983）。
因此，觀眾的動機是其中的重要組成部分消息處理。學習只發生時該消息已被處理集中，因此，只有在這種情況下，當個人的動機來處理消息（貝里，1983;克雷克＆Tulving，1975年）。
Selective processing theories.
Yet another theoretical framework that applies the motivation-based approach is the selective processing framework.
Selective processing theories are founded on the conceptualization of underlying motivations that drive the behavioral and cognitive choices of viewers of television (Finn, 1997).
Given the multitude of stimuli present in the environment, individuals selectively orient their attention to specific stimuli while ruling out and ignoring a mélange of other stimuli that are of no interest to him or her (Dutta-Bergman, 2004).
Furthermore, although some of these stimuli are further processed, others are filtered out of the message processing system.
The specific stimuli that will be attended to and further processed depend on the individual’s underlying motivations (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).
Underlying selective processing theory is the concept that the processing of different media content is a product of active choice; the audience member actively participates in selecting only those stimuli that fulfill his or her motivational needs (Dutta-Bergman, 2004).
選擇性處理的理論。
還有一種理論框架，適用的動機為基礎的方法是選擇性處理框架。
選擇性處理的理論是建立在概念化的基本動機是推動行為和認知的觀眾選擇的電視（芬蘭，1997）。
由於眾多的刺激存在於環境中，個人有選擇地調整其特定的刺激，同時注意排除混雜和忽視了其他刺激都沒有興趣，他或她（杜塔，伯格曼，2004）。
此外，雖然其中一些刺激正在進一步處理，其他人被過濾掉的郵件處理系統。
具體的刺激將出席並進一步加工依賴於個人的基本動機（佩蒂和卡西奧普，1986）。
選擇性處理的理論基礎是概念，處理不同媒體的內容是產品的主動選擇，觀眾積極參與的成員只選擇那些刺激，履行他或她的動機需求（杜塔，伯格曼，2004）。
Volume 21, Issue 1, 2007 Abstract
The quintessential presence of television in modern American life has led to decades of research on the unhealthy effects of television.
However, recent years have witnessed a surge in scholarship seeking to interrogate the positive health effects of television, particularly in the realm of incorporating health content into entertainment-based television programs.
One of the important critical questions in the realm of the positive health effects of television focuses on the amount of health information learning contributed by health information content on television.
This article takes a motivation-based approach to health information learning from television, arguing that health orientation influences the amount of health information learned by individuals from television.
On the basis of 2 separate studies, the article demonstrates that individuals who learn health information from a variety of television programs are more health oriented than individuals who do not learn health information from these television programs.
摘要
典型的存在在現代美國的電視生活導致了幾十年的研究電視的不健康影響。
然而，近年來出現了激增獎學金尋求審問的積極健康的影響，電視，尤其是在健康領域的內容納入到娛樂為主的電視節目。
其中一個重要的關鍵問題在健康領域的積極影響電視的重點是衛生信息學額貢獻由健康的信息內容在電視上。
本文將動機為基礎的衛生信息學，從電視，認為健康的方向影響量的個人健康信息學會從電視。
在此基礎上2個獨立的研究，文章表明，個人誰學會從各種健康信息的電視節目更注重健康比個人誰不學習健康信息從這些電視節目。
Television is ubiquitous in modern American life, occupying much of Americans’ leisure time (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, Signorielli, & Shanahan, 2002).
The new millennium household watches approximately 7 hr of television each day (Gerbner et al., 2002).
Extant scholarship on the role of television in society has predominantly emphasized the negative effects of television.
The negative effects research has been extrapolated to the realm of health, with a large number of studies investigating the role of television in the context of violence, drug use, sexual abuse, and alcohol consumption (Gerbner et al., 2002).
Applying cultivation and social cognitive theories, communication scholars have argued that television cultivates a distorted view of the world among heavy viewers of television and teaches unhealthy behaviors by modeling them in program content.
電視無處不在現代美國人的生活，佔領大部分美國人的休閒時間（格伯納，毛，摩根，Signorielli，與沙納漢，2002年）。
新千年家庭手錶約 700小時的電視每天（格伯納等人，2002年）。
現存獎學金的角色在社會上有電視的負面影響主要是強調了電視。
的負面影響的研究已外推到境界的健康，大量研究調查的作用的背景下，電視暴力，吸毒，性虐待，飲酒（格伯納等人，2002年）。
培育和應用社會認知理論，傳播學者認為，電視培養了扭曲的世界觀中重教觀眾的電視和不健康的行為通過模擬他們的節目內容。
Cultivation theorists propose that heavy viewership of television leads to estimations of frequencies of certain groups and behaviors that match the frequencies portrayed in the programs (Gerbner et al., 2002).
Television programs such as soap operas and sitcoms cultivate in the viewer a perspective of the world that does not match reality
but instead reflects the nature of the television world (Gerbner et al., 2002; Gerbner, Gross, Signorielli, Morgan,& Jackson-Beeck, 1979).
In other words, the world of the television viewer, according to cultivation theory, is closely aligned with the world created in the television program, not the real world (Gerbner et al., 2002; Gerbner et al., 1979).
Support for cultivation-based conclusions is observed in audience estimates of aggression, divorce, crime, illegitimate children, unsafe sex, pregnancy rates, abortions, difficult relationships, and adultery (Gerbner et al., 2002; Gerbner et al., 1979).
培養理論家建議重的電視收視率估計導致某些群體的頻率和行為相匹配的頻率描繪的方案（格伯納等人，2002年）。
電視節目如肥皂劇和情景喜劇培養觀眾的角度對世界不符合現實
而是反映了全球性的電視（格伯納等人，2002;格伯納，毛，Signorielli，摩根，和傑克遜 Beeck，1979）。
換句話說，世界上的電視觀眾，根據栽培理論，是與世界緊密結合創造了電視節目，不是真正的世界（格伯納等人，2002年;格伯納等人，1979年）。
支持培養為基礎的結論是觀察觀眾估計侵略，離婚，犯罪，非婚生子女，不安全的性行為，懷孕率，人工流產，難以關係，通姦（格伯納等人，2002年;格伯納等人，1979年）。
Social cognitive theory complements cultivation theory in building the argument that behavior on television becomes the script for the enactment of behavior among audience members (Bandura, 2002).
At the heart of the social cognitive effects of mass media lies the argument that people learn behaviors “either designedly or unintentionally from models in one’s immediate environment” (Bandura, 2002, p. 126).
Viewers learn behaviors by watching television characters engage in them.
Most studies of vicarious learning from television through modeling have been conducted in the realm of aggression and sexual behavior (Bandura, 1973, 2002).
Therefore, both the cultivation-effects line of research and the social cognitive approach attest to the important negative health effects of television.
社會認知理論的補充栽培理論建設行為的說法在電視上成為腳本頒布觀眾之間的行為（班杜拉，2002）。
在心臟的社會認知的影響大眾傳媒的論點，即在於人們學習的行為“或無意或特意從模型在一個人的直接環境”（班杜拉，2002年，第126頁）。
觀眾通過觀看電視學習行為字符搞起來。
大多數研究的替代學習電視通過建模已經在該領域進行的侵略和性行為（班杜拉，1973年，2002年）。
因此，無論是種植效果線的研究和社會認知的方法證明了重要的負面健康影響的電視節目。
However, recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in health consciousness within the United States accompanied by an explosive growth in health-oriented television program content.
Learning from the lessons of educational entertainment programming offered on television in other parts of the world, American scholars have started exploring the possibility of using entertainment programming within the United States to communicate healthy themes.
This growing interest in catapulting the powers of television to send out healthy message led to the dedication of an entire issue of Communication Theory to the topic of entertainment education (Slater & Rouner, 2002).
In the face of the growing interest in using television as a conduit for communicating health-related information, it is significant to explore the heath effects of television.
This article proposes to study the role of television in learning health information and, by doing so, seeks to build a theoretical framework for health information processing and suggest media planning applications for the use of television programs as media vehicles for health campaigns.
Specifically, I studied the role of health motivation in facilitating the learning of health information from television programs.
然而，近年來出現了大幅增加，健康意識在美國伴隨著爆炸式增長，健康化的電視節目內容。
學習的教訓教育上提供電視娛樂節目在其他世界各地，美國學者已經開始探索使用的可能性娛樂節目在美國進行交流健康的主題。
在這種越來越大的興趣一躍權力，電視發出的健康信息導致了整個問題的奉獻傳播理論的主題娛樂教育（斯萊特和Rouner，2002）。
在面對越來越大的興趣在利用電視作為一種渠道的溝通與健康有關的信息，它是重要的影響，探討希思電視。
本文擬研究的作用電視學習健康信息，並通過這樣做，目的是建立一個健康的理論框架，並建議媒體信息處理規劃申請的使用的電視節目，媒體車輛衛生運動。
具體來說，我研究的作用在促進健康的學習動機的健康信息來自電視節目。
TELEVISION AND LEARNING
How do viewers learn from television?
That television contributes to viewer learning has remained a central area of investigation in mass communication (Eveland, 2002).
In particular, scholars of mass communication have sought to investigate the role of news programs in facilitating audience learning (Eveland, 2001, 2002).
The variables that have been traditionally investigated in the realm of learning from news are exposure, attention, and motivation (Eveland, 2001).
電視及學習
觀眾學習如何從電視？
這電視有助於觀眾學習一直是中心區的調查，大眾傳播（Eveland，2002）。
特別是，大眾傳播學者都力求調查新聞節目的作用在促進觀眾學習（Eveland，2001年，2002年）。
這些變量已在該領域研究傳統的學習新聞的曝光，注意力和動機（Eveland，2001）。
Exposure
Many studies have emphasized exposure as a central independent variable in learning from the news (Atkin, Galloway, & Nayman, 1976; Bennett, Flickinger, Baker, Rhine, & Bennett, 1996; Drew & Weaver, 1990; McLeod & McDonald, 1985; Robinson & Levy, 1996).
Researchers have demonstrated that exposure indeed predicts knowledge, although the effect sizes are typically small (Atkin et al., 1976; Bennett et al., 1996; Drew & Weaver, 1990; Eveland, 2001, 2002; McLeod & McDonald, 1985; Robinson & Levy, 1996).
In addition to the small size of the effects in the exposure-based research, such research is also limited by its simplicity and does not tell one much about the process of learning that audience members go through (Eveland, 2001).
曝光
許多研究都強調接觸，作為中央獨立變量從新聞中學習（阿特金，加洛韋，與 Nayman，1976;貝內特，弗利金傑，貝克，萊茵河，與貝內特，1996;德魯和韋弗，1990;麥克勞德和麥當勞，1985;羅賓遜和利維，1996）。
研究人員已經證明，確實暴露預測知識，雖然效果的大小通常是小（阿特金等人，1976年;貝內特等人，1996;德魯和韋弗，1990; Eveland，2001年，2002年;麥克勞德和麥當勞，1985;羅賓遜及徵，1996）。
除了體積小的影響，在曝光為基礎的研究，這些研究還受到其簡單和沒有告訴一大部分有關學習的過程中觀眾經歷（Eveland，2001）。
Attention
In their critique of the simple exposure-based paradigm, media researchers have introduced the concept of attention to explain audience learning from news (Chaffee & Scheluder, 1986; McLeod & McDonald, 1985).
Attention is a cognitive variable that captures the extent to which the audience member is focusing on the information presented to him or her and allocating his or her cognitive effort to process the information (Dutta-Bergman, 2004), and it predicts learning beyond simple exposure (Chaffee & Scheluder, 1986; Craik & Tulving, 1975; McLeod & McDonald, 1985).
The role of attention was particularly critical in the domain of learning from television news, because, unlike newspapers, television as a medium creates the opportunity for inattentive processing (Chaffee & Scheluder, 1986; Eveland, 2002; Kosicki & McLeod, 1990).
注意
在他們的批判的簡單暴露的模式，研究人員已經推出了媒體關注的概念來解釋觀眾從新聞學（查菲和Scheluder，1986;麥克勞德和麥當勞，1985）。
注意是一種認知變量，它抓住了何種程度的觀眾是注重對信息提供給他或她和分配他或她的認知努力來處理信息（杜塔，伯格曼，2004年），它超越了簡單的預測學習曝光（查菲和Scheluder，1986;克雷克＆Tulving，1975;麥克勞德和麥當勞，1985）。
注意的作用，特別是在關鍵領域的學習，從電視新聞，因為，不像報紙，電視作為一種媒介創造了機會，不留神處理（查菲和Scheluder，1986; Eveland，2002; Kosicki和麥克勞德，1990）。
Similar concepts, such as elaboration and reflective integration have been used in the literature to explain how audiences learn from the media (Eveland, 2002).
Elaboration refers to the process of assimilating incoming information with existing knowledge; through it, the person “attaches connotative and associative meanings” (Perse, 1990, p. 19).
Perse (1990) argued that “during elaboration the information is linked mnemonically to similar information, placed in an organizational structure, and responses are rehearsed” (p. 19).
Therefore, when the receiver of the message chooses to elaborate on it, he or she learns from the message, and the content gets incorporated into his or her cognitive schema.
Kosicki and McLeod (1990) posited that “reflective integration represents the postexposure salience of information such that it occupies the mind and is the subject of interpersonal discussion” (p. 75).
Similar to the concept of elaboration discussed by Perse, the audience member has to actively act on the message and incorporate it into his or her cognitive structure in order to act on it; the only difference is that reflective integration results in interpersonal discussion about the topic.
Essential to the attention-based information-processing framework is that, for learning to occur, the receiver of the information must decide to invest his or her cognitive effort in processing the information.
This choice of cognitively processing the information is a product of individual motivation (Eveland, 2001, 2002); in other words, information processing mediates the relationship between motivation and learning (Eveland, 2001, 2002).
類似的概念，如制定和反光一體化已用於文獻觀眾講解如何學習媒體（Eveland，2002）。
精是指在吸收過程中收到的信息與現有的知識，通過它，人“的重視內涵和關聯的含義”（Perse，1990年，第19頁）。
Perse（1990）認為，“在闡述了信息聯繫 mnemonically的類似資料，放置在一個組織結構，反應排練”（第19頁）。
因此，當接收郵件的精心選擇上，他或她學會從消息和內容被納入了他或她的認知模式。
Kosicki和McLeod（1990）假定，“反思融合代表了暴露後突出的信息，例如，它佔據了頭腦，是受人際討論”
（第75頁）。
類似概念的闡述討論 Perse，觀眾成員要積極採取行動的消息，並把它納入自己的認知結構，以便採取行動就可以了，唯一不同的是，在人際反射積分結果討論的話題。
必不可少的注意力為基礎的信息處理框架是，為學習發生，接收的信息必須決定他或她的投資認知努力，處理的信息。
這種選擇處理信息的認知是一個產品的個人動機（Eveland，2001年，2002年），換句話說，信息處理調解之間的關係和學習動機（Eveland，2001年，2002年）。
Motivation
Elaboration likelihood model.
Message elaboration is central to the extent to which individuals learn from the media. The elaboration likelihood model (ELM), developed by Petty and Cacioppo (1981, 1986), proposes two different information-processing mechanisms.
One of these routes, known as the peripheral route in ELM, is more superficial than the other route, the central processing route (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty, Cacioppo, & Schumann,
1983).
Peripheral route processing does not evoke argument scrutiny, leading to persuasion because of positive or negative associations or because of simple inferential cues present in the information environment (Petty et al., 1983).
Examples of peripheral cues include non-messagebased elements, such as source attractiveness (Petty et al., 1983), music, length of message, or number of arguments.
The central route involves deeper and more effort-intensive processing (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty et al., 1983).
Message processing through the central route occurs after the diligent consideration of relevant argument-based information (Petty et al., 1983).
Therefore, when processing information through the central route, the consumer pays attention to the arguments present in the message, preferring stronger arguments to weaker ones (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).
動機
精可能性模型。
消息是中央制定的程度，個人的學習媒體。擬訂的可能性模型（ELM），開發的小資和卡西奧普（1981年，1986年），提出了兩種不同的信息處理機制。
這些路線之一，被稱為周邊路線在ELM，是比較膚淺比其他路線，中央工藝路線（佩蒂和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資，卡西奧普，與舒曼，
1983年）。
周邊路由處理不引起爭論的審查，導致說服力，因為協會或積極或消極的，因為簡單的推理線索存在於信息環境（佩蒂等人，1983年）。
周邊線索的例子包括非messagebased元素，如源的吸引力（小資等，1983），音樂，長度的消息，或數字參數。
涉及中央的路線更深入，更努力，深加工（小資和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資等，1983）。
消息處理通過中央的路線後發生的辛勤審議有關的論證為基礎的信息（佩蒂等人，1983年）。
因此，在處理信息，通過中央的路線，消費者注重的參數目前在消息，寧願更強參數較弱的（小＆卡西奧普，1986）。
Elaboration theorists argue that the extent to which an individual will elaborate on a message depends on the degree to which he or she is motivated to process the message and on his or her abilities to process the message (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty et al., 1983).
The receiver has to be both able and motivated to process a message in order to go through the central route and thoroughly scrutinize the arguments presented in the message (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty et al., 1983).
When motivation and/or ability are low, the receiver will make his or her decisions on the basis of heuristic and/or affective cues (Petty & Cacioppo, 1980, 1986; Petty et al., 1983).
Therefore, audience motivation is one of the critical components of message processing. Learning occurs only when the message has been processed centrally and, therefore, only in those circumstances when the individual is motivated to process the message (Berry, 1983; Craik & Tulving, 1975).
精理論家認為，在何種程度上會詳細說明個人消息的程度取決於他或她的動機來處理消息，並在他或她的能力來處理消息（小資和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資等，1983）。
接收器必須既能夠和主動地處理信息，以便通過中央的路線，徹底審議中提出的論點消息（小資和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資等，1983）。
當動機和/或能力低，接收器將讓他或她的決定的基礎上，啟發式和/或情感線索（佩蒂和卡西奧普，1980，1986;小資等，1983）。
因此，觀眾的動機是其中的重要組成部分消息處理。學習只發生時該消息已被處理集中，因此，只有在這種情況下，當個人的動機來處理消息（貝里，1983;克雷克＆Tulving，1975年）。
Selective processing theories.
Yet another theoretical framework that applies the motivation-based approach is the selective processing framework.
Selective processing theories are founded on the conceptualization of underlying motivations that drive the behavioral and cognitive choices of viewers of television (Finn, 1997).
Given the multitude of stimuli present in the environment, individuals selectively orient their attention to specific stimuli while ruling out and ignoring a mélange of other stimuli that are of no interest to him or her (Dutta-Bergman, 2004).
Furthermore, although some of these stimuli are further processed, others are filtered out of the message processing system.
The specific stimuli that will be attended to and further processed depend on the individual’s underlying motivations (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).
Underlying selective processing theory is the concept that the processing of different media content is a product of active choice; the audience member actively participates in selecting only those stimuli that fulfill his or her motivational needs (Dutta-Bergman, 2004).
選擇性處理的理論。
還有一種理論框架，適用的動機為基礎的方法是選擇性處理框架。
選擇性處理的理論是建立在概念化的基本動機是推動行為和認知的觀眾選擇的電視（芬蘭，1997）。
由於眾多的刺激存在於環境中，個人有選擇地調整其特定的刺激，同時注意排除混雜和忽視了其他刺激都沒有興趣，他或她（杜塔，伯格曼，2004）。
此外，雖然其中一些刺激正在進一步處理，其他人被過濾掉的郵件處理系統。
具體的刺激將出席並進一步加工依賴於個人的基本動機（佩蒂和卡西奧普，1986）。
選擇性處理的理論基礎是概念，處理不同媒體的內容是產品的主動選擇，觀眾積極參與的成員只選擇那些刺激，履行他或她的動機需求（杜塔，伯格曼，2004）。
2011年7月17日 星期日
The experiential health information processing model: supporting collaborative web-based patient education心得
The experiential health information processing model: supporting collaborative web-based patient education
Laura A O'Grady1* , Holly Witteman2* and C Nadine Wathen3*
1 Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Healthcare, Technology and Place, Centre for Global eHealth Innovation, University Health Network, R. Fraser Elliott Building, 4th floor, Toronto General Hospital, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
2 Interactive Media Lab, Human Factors, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Health Care, Technology and Place, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
3 Faculty of Information & Media Studies, The University of Western Ontario, North Campus Building, Room 254, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
author email corresponding author email* Contributed equally
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2008, 8:58doi:10.1186/1472-6947-8-58
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/8/58
Received: 7 July 2008
Accepted: 16 December 2008
Published: 16 December 2008
© 2008 O'Grady et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
First generation Internet technologies such as mailing lists or newsgroups afforded unprecedented levels of information exchange within a variety of interest groups, including those who seek health information. With emergence of the World Wide Web many communication applications were ported to web browsers. One of the driving factors in this phenomenon has been the exchange of experiential or anecdotal knowledge that patients share online, and there is emerging evidence that participation in these forums may be having an impact on people's health decision making. Theoretical frameworks supporting this form of information seeking and learning have yet to be proposed.
Results
In this article, we propose an adaptation of Kolb's experiential learning theory to begin to formulate an experiential health information processing model that may contribute to our understanding of online health information seeking behaviour in this context.
Conclusion
An experiential health information processing model is proposed that can be used as a research framework. Future research directions include investigating the utility of this model in the online health information seeking context, studying the impact of collaborating in these online environments on patient decision making and on health outcomes are provided.
摘要
背景
第一代互聯網技術，如郵件列表或新聞組給予了前所未有的水平之內的信息交流各種利益群體，包括那些誰尋求健康信息。
隨著出現了萬維網許多通信應用被移植到Web瀏覽器。
其中一個推動因素在此現象一直是交流經驗或傳聞知識，患者共享上網，並有新的證據表明，參與這些論壇可能會產生影響人們的健康決策。
支持這一理論框架的形式尋求信息和學習還有待議。
結果
在這篇文章中，我們提出了一個適應的科爾布的經驗學習理論，開始制訂體驗健康信息處理模型，可能有助於我們了解在線健康信息尋求行為在這方面。
結論
體驗健康的信息處理模型，提出，可以用來作為研究框架。
未來的研究方向包括調查的效用這種模式在網上尋找健康信息的背景下，研究影響合作，在這些網上環境決策和對病人的健康狀況提供。
Background
A core element of the Internet has always been its capacity to facilitate communication.
Designed to support the 'many to many' exchange mode, mailing lists served a similar function as that of newsgroups by providing a forum for asynchronous discussion by people with similar interests.
Like email, these forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC) required use of software applications such as newsreaders or email programs.
These applications became a popular medium to exchange information in the early days of the Internet.
With the advent of the World Wide Web content became, in many cases, authored by 'one' source for 'many' to read ('one to many' mode).
Once the web began to dominate as a preferred means to access content online various CMC tools were ported to web browsers to accommodate this shift.
背景
一個核心要素，互聯網一直是其能力，以方便溝通。
旨在支持“多對多”的交流模式，郵件列表服務類似的功能是通過新聞組提供一個論壇，討論通過異步與志趣相投的人。
如電子郵件，這些形式的電腦中介傳播（CMC）需要使用的軟件應用，如新聞閱讀器或電子郵件程序。
這些應用程序成為廣受歡迎的媒介，交流信息，在早期的互聯網。
隨著到來的萬維網內容成為了，在很多情況下，撰寫了“一個'源'許多'讀（”一對多“模式）。
一旦網站開始佔據主導地位作為首選手段，獲取在線內容的各種 CMC工具，移植到Web瀏覽器，以適應這種轉變。
Many organizations such as non-profits and hospitals, and in some cases individuals, utilized these technologies to support or enhance patient education.
Some early online communities such as the Breast-Cancer List, now in its thirteenth year, are still in operation.
Usenet health-related newsgroups are still available through the web interface Google Groups [1] with many active in both the alt.health and alt.support hierarchies.
Consumer-driven web-based health bulletin boards and lists also exist; for example, WebMD forums [2], HealthBoards [3] and health-specific Yahoo Groups [4], although many of these may be considered relatively recent endeavours in comparison to their older cousins.
許多組織，如非營利組織和醫院，並在某些情況下個人，利用這些技術來支持或加強病人教育。
一些早期的網上社區，如乳腺癌名單，目前已進入第十三年，仍繼續運作。
新聞組與健康有關的新聞組仍然可以通過網絡界面谷歌組 [1]與許多活躍在兩個 alt.health和alt.support層次。
消費者驅動的Web為基礎的健康宣傳欄，並列出還存在，例如，中央社論壇 [2]，HealthBoards[3]和健康的具體雅虎組 [4]，雖然很多這些可被視為較近期的努力相比，他們的年齡較大的表兄弟。
There are numerous and varied factors motivating use of the Internet as a means to access health care information.
For some, the web has been used as a mechanism to both find and share information [5], to determine alternative or complementary treatments and for insights about rare conditions and new treatments [6].
For others, physical remoteness has led to Internet use to mitigate geographic boundaries [7].
For those seeking privacy, the ability to participate anonymously is a strong motivator [8].
In some cases clarification or further understanding of medical content is the goal [9].
One of the common elements found in these types of applications is the sharing of a personal story.
Many health-related online forums have been used to provide anecdotal or experiential knowledge by individuals regarding various treatments or medications [5,10,11].
有許多不同因素的激勵和利用互聯網為手段，以獲得醫療保健信息。
一些人認為，網絡已經被用來作為一種機制，既查找和共享信息[5]，以確定替代或補充治療和觀點關於罕見的條件和新的治療方法[6]。
對於其他人，物理偏遠，導致互聯網的使用，以減輕地理界限[7]。
對於那些尋求隱私，有能力參與匿名是一個強大的動力[8]。
在某些情況下，澄清或進一步了解醫療內容是目標[9]。
其中一個共同的元素存在於這些類型的應用是分享個人的故事。
許多與健康有關的網上論壇已被用於提供傳聞或個人經驗知識有關的各種治療方法或藥物[5,10,11]。
Early efforts to communicate online often fell victim to disruptive behaviour such as flaming, baiting or spamming.
In other cases communities failed due to issues with the usability [12] or accessibility [13] of the interface, or with the sociability of the community [9].
For some health communities, a fading need may have been a mitigating factor.
For example, the Crix List, a forum to exchange information related to the HIV protease inhibitor Crixivan, is no longer active.
One of the main purposes of this list was to discuss the side effects of this new medication, and its demise may well have been due to growing understanding of interventions to reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS treatment side effects.
These kinds of issues – alone or in combination – have likely contributed towards many online communities, including those on health-related topics, ceasing operation.
早期的努力，在線溝通往往犧牲品破壞性行為，如熾盛，引誘或垃圾郵件。
在其他情況下社區失敗，因為問題的可用性[12]或輔助[13]的接口，或與群性社會[9]。
對於一些健康的社區，一個衰落的需要可能是一個減輕的因素。
例如，Crix名單，座談會，交流信息與艾滋病毒蛋白酶抑製劑 Crixivan，不再有效。
其中一個主要目的是討論這份名單的副作用這一新的藥物，其滅亡可能是由於人們越來越認識的干預措施，以減少影響艾滋病毒/艾滋病治療的副作用。
這些類型的問題 - 單獨或組合 - 有可能導致對許多網上社區，包括那些與健康有關的話題，停止運作。
Recent advances and cultural shifts in online participation have coincided with technologies such as wikis and blogs that support this type of community sharing [14].
This shift, referred to as Web 2.0, includes the use of new tools that are designed to support collective knowledge sharing with interfaces that promote ease of editing and real-time changes unlike their web site predecessors [15].
Fewer technical barriers mean that those using these applications in order to learn about health are changing their roles from passively receiving information from a site (where content was often generated solely by the owner of the site), to collaboratively building knowledge [16].
This concept, where knowledge is generated amongst a group of individuals, has been described as the "wisdom of crowds," a notion that postulates the more people participating together to create knowledge, the better the information generated will be [17].
However, this idea raises concerns that learners with dissenting ideas and views may find such learning environments unfriendly.
A collaborative filtering model in which popularity breeds popularity can lead to subject "icebergs," where less popular topics and ideas are submerged [18].
However, despite its potential pitfalls, the application of this concept in the domain of health remains a promising approach to the challenges of accessing useful information and support in a timely manner, and, many would argue, is an improvement on the pre-Internet days, when the capacity for group peer support was limited to the numbers of patients who could get together in person at any given time.
Web 2.0 provides an environment that easily supports this type of behaviour, transcending to a significant degree space and time constraints.
However, little research has examined the notion of collaborative behaviour in relation to health information seeking and knowledge creation on the Internet.
最近的進步和文化的變化都在網上參與恰逢技術，例如wiki和博客，支持這種類型的社會共享[14]。
這一轉變，被稱為 Web 2.0，包括使用新的工具，旨在支持集體知識共享的接口，易於推廣的編輯和實時變化不像他們的前輩的網站 [15]。
較少的技術壁壘意味著那些使用這些應用程序，以了解健康正在改變自己的角色從被動地接收信息從一個站點（其中的內容往往產生完全由該網站的所有者），以協作建設知識 [16]。
這個概念，在知識之間產生一組個人，被形容為“智慧人群”的概念，即假設更多的人參與，共同創造知識，更好的信息將產生 [17]。
然而，這一想法引起了關注，學習者與反對的想法和看法可能會發現這樣的學習環境不友好。
一個協同過濾模型，其中人氣品種的普及可能導致主體“冰山”，其中較冷門的主題和思想被淹沒 [18]。
然而，儘管其潛在的隱患，應用這一概念在域中的健康仍然是一個有前途的方法來挑戰的訪問有用的信息和支持，及時，而且，很多人會說，是一種進步的前互聯網天當同行的支持能力組的人數是有限的，以誰的病人可能扎堆在人在任何特定時間。
網絡 2.0提供了一個環境，可以輕鬆地支持這種類型的行為，在很大程度上超越空間和時間的限制。
然而，很少有研究探討了概念的協作行為有關健康的信息和知識創造尋求在互聯網上。
Collaborative web-based patient education is intended to encompass the use of web technologies that support information seeking in this context.
This includes forums to exchange information, blogs that chronicle people's illness journeys, and wikis where a group of participants builds a repository of knowledge on a condition.
Social networking web sites such as FaceBook and MySpace are also playing a role in these interactions.
As the Internet has matured and made strides towards its original democratic ideals, collective knowledge-building using these applications has evolved.
Implications for collaborative web-based patient education arise partly because this "social software" [19] helps participants to communicate and share knowledge directly with each other in increasing and novel ways.
Online health information users can more easily bypass traditional information intermediaries such as medical professionals and instead use other community members as "apomediaries" [20] or health info(r)mediators [21], to learn about health topics, share and obtain recommendations about health providers and services at web sites such as Rate MDs [22] and Health Care Reviews [23], or even to collaborate in grassroots research by contributing and organizing personal health data at a site like PatientsLikeMe [24] or sharing personal genetic information at a site such as 23andme [25].
協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育是一套涵蓋了利用信息網絡技術，支持尋求在這方面。
這包括論壇，交流信息，博客，記載人的病情行程，其中一組和wiki的參與者建立一個信息庫的知識條件。
社交網站如Facebook和MySpace也發揮了作用，這些相互作用。
隨著互聯網已經成熟，並取得進展對原來的民主理想，集體知識建設使用這些應用程序已演變。
啟示協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育產生的部分原因是因為這個“社會軟件”[19]幫助學員進行交流和分享彼此的知識直接增加和新穎的方式。
網上健康信息使用者可以更容易地繞過傳統的信息中介機構，如醫療專業人士，而使用其他社區成員的“apomediaries”[20]或健康信息（R）的介質[21]，以了解有關健康的話題，分享和獲取有關建議醫療服務提供者和服務網站，如MD的速率[22]及健康護理評論 [23]，甚至在合作研究的貢獻和基層組織在個人健康資料的網站像PatientsLikeMe[24]或分享個人遺傳信息的23andMe公司的網站，如[25]。
One example of knowledge building through collaboration is the DCA forum, a group of cancer patients taking the experimental drug DCA (dichloroacetate) off-label (i.e., not for its originally intended purpose) who share experiential or anecdotal information about using this drug [26], including exchanging dosage information and self-treatment protocols.
Those new to off-label use of DCA are mentored by others more experienced in this application.
Sharing this type of information by using the online technology allows others with cancer to learn about their illnesses [27].
一個例子是通過協作知識建構是DCA論壇，一組癌症患者在服用實驗藥物 DCA（二氯）關閉標籤（即不是其原定用途）誰分享經驗或傳聞有關使用這種藥物[26]，包括信息交換量和自我治療方案。
這些新來關閉標籤使用輔導的DCA是由有經驗的人在此應用程序。
這種類型的信息共享利用網上技術允許其他人患癌症，了解自己的病情[27]。
However, as with all knowledge/information generated outside of specific standards or without the benefit of at least some expert review or guidance (even at the peer level), the issue of potential harms of misinformation must be considered.
Processes of "misinfo(r)mediation" [28] highlight the fact that even well-intentioned provision of poor quality information can have significant negative consequences, and the Internet must continue to be seen as another "buyer beware" environment within the landscape of health information – one where the significant gains in access to, and transmission speed of, information can cut both ways – i.e., for high and low quality information.
Concerns about misunderstanding and misuse of information are especially important in light of the expanding body of research in the areas of health literacy [29] and numeracy [30].
Skills for interpreting various forms of health information and integrating them into one's health decisions vary widely across populations [31].
Those with low health literacy and numeracy may be especially susceptible to misleading information and framing effects [32], whether these are intentional, as in malicious behaviour in an online community, or whether they simply reflect a poor fit between information content, its presentation, and the learner.
然而，與所有的知識 /信息產生的具體標準之外或沒有好處至少有一些專家審查或指導意見（甚至在同行的水平），這個問題的潛在危害，必須考慮的誤傳。
進程的“misinfo（R）調解”[28]強調的是，即使出於好意提供質量低劣的信息可以有很大的負面後果，而互聯網必須繼續被視為另一種“買方提防”內環境景觀衛生信息 - 一個地方的重大成果中獲取和傳輸速度，同時可以減少信息的方式 - 即，高，低質量的信息。
令人關注的誤解和誤用的信息是特別重要的輕體的擴大研究領域的健康素養[29]和計算[30]。
技能解釋各種形式的健康信息和整合他們成為一個健康的決定有很大的不同人群之間[31]。
這些低健康素養和算術可能特別容易受到誤導信息和框架效應[32]，不管是有意的，因為在惡意行為在網上社區，還是僅僅反映一個貧窮的配合之間的信息內容，其表示，和學習者。
These issues provide a useful lens through which to examine health education and decision-making as complex issues for patients and physicians alike.
For someone recently diagnosed with an illness, prognosis and treatment information are likely to be foreign and even daunting, requiring learning in the context of stress and perhaps fear.
Making decisions in this context is a complex process that may involve a wide variety of interpersonal interactions, as well as information requirements.
這些問題提供了有益的鏡頭，通過它來檢查健康教育和決策的複雜問題的病人和醫生的一致好評。
對於最近有人診斷為一種疾病，預後和治療的信息有可能被國外甚至艱鉅，需要學習的環境壓力和可能的恐懼。
在這方面做決策是一個複雜的過程，可能涉及到各種各樣的人際交往，以及信息的要求。
Research to date indicates that there are a variety of roles in the patient/physician decision-making dyad.
Physician-directed decision-making (stemming from the Parsonian model), while authoritarian in nature, was the primary means in health care delivery for many years.
Various social movements, including feminism/women's health and other advocacy-based approaches, led to an emphasis on individual autonomy, and in the health realm, actively including the voice of the patient in a process of 'shared decision making' [33,34].
However, not all patients wish to be fully autonomous. Some may wish to be informed [35] and/or participate in certain kinds of decisions, but not others [36].
Charles et al. [33] proposed three primary models of decision making: the 'paternalistic' model where the physician makes the decisions, the 'informed or autonomous' model where the physician imparts knowledge to the patient and the patient makes the decision, and the 'shared decision making' model where the process is collaborative.
The role assumed by a patient may have an impact on how information sources are weighted.
For example, one study found that those who desired the most control in their decision-making stated that their physician was their main information source and many were guided by the doctor's preferences [37].
迄今為止的研究表明，有各種角色在患者/醫生決策矢。
醫師指導決策（產生從帕森斯模型），而專制性的，主要手段是在衛生保健服務多年。
各種社會運動，包括女權主義/女性的健康和其他宣傳為基礎的方法，導致了強調個人的自主權，並在衛生領域，積極包括語音的病人在一個進程中的“共同決策”[33,34 。
然而，並非所有的患者希望得到充分的自治。有些人可能希望了解[35]和/或參加某些種類的決定，但沒有人[36]。
查爾斯等人。 [33]提出了三種主要模式的決策的：“家長式”的模式，使得醫生的決定，“通知或自治”的模式在傳授知識的醫生對病人和病人作出的決定，和“共同決策使得“模式，這個過程就是合作。
角色承擔病人可能產生影響的信息來源是如何加權。
例如，一項研究發現，那些誰想要的大多數控制在他們的決策表示，他們的醫生是他們的主要信息來源，許多人遵循醫生的喜好[37]。
In addition to the patient-physician decision-making dyad there are also other possible collaborations that can affect this process.
Physicians often consult each other to help with the decisions they make about care.
In this provider-provider dyad, consultative practices start in medical school, continue during training, and are a method of information seeking and decision-making among practicing clinicians.
Although not seemingly directly related to care, such interactions can be an important part of what treatment options are provided to patients, and in fact this practice has been cited as a barrier to evidence-based clinical care [38].
Information for all of those involved in care is an important element to the decision making process within this context.
除了醫患決策矢也有其他可能的合作，可以影響這一進程。
醫生往往相互協商，以幫助他們做出的決定照顧。
在此提供者提供二分體，協商的做法開始在醫學院，繼續進行訓練，並尋求方法的信息和決策中執業醫師。
雖然看似不直接相關的服務，這種相互作用可以是一個重要組成部分，什麼治療方案提供給患者，而事實上這種做法已被引為屏障，以證據為基礎的臨床護理 [38]。
所有這些信息涉及護理是一個重要的元素，決策過程在這一背景下。
People's information seeking behaviour (ISB) is complex and often iterative.
Research in this area has produced consistent findings that comprise what has been called the "principles of information seeking" [39]; these include that people seek information
1) in familiar and comfortable patterns;
2) often following an informal to formal continuum; and
3) in an opportunistic and situated/contextualized way.
Thus information seeking is often multi-faceted and complex and is comprised of interactions between individual, environmental and social factors.
All of these variables and their interplay result in the observation that ISB is often seemingly "irrational" to the outside observer.
Certainly these patterns are replicated in studies that have examined health information seeking in a variety of contexts [40,41].
人們的信息尋求行為（ISB）是複雜的，經常反复。
這方面的研究產生了一致的結果，即構成了所謂的“原則尋求信息”[39]，這些包括人們尋求信息
1）在熟悉和舒適的模式;
2）經常下一個非正式的正式連續;和
3）在投機取巧，位於/語境的方式。
因此，尋求信息往往是多方面的，複雜的，是由個體之間的相互作用，環境和社會因素。
所有這些變量及其相互作用的結果，在觀察到ISB往往是看似“非理性”的旁觀者。
當然，這些模式被複製的研究，已經研究衛生信息謀求在各種環境中[40,41]。
Individual characteristics play a role in people's decisions regarding whether and how to seek information for a health condition.
Some may be more likely than others to seek information as a coping strategy.
For example, Miller's Behavioural Style Scale is predicated on the idea that people tend to cope with stressful situations by blunting and/or monitoring.
Broadly speaking, blunters avoid information and prefer not to think about their stressful situations, while monitors actively seek information to reduce anxiety and help themselves cope [42,43].
Williams-Piehota et al. [44] demonstrated that for women at risk of breast cancer, adapting messages about the importance of mammography to receivers' behavioural style increased blunters' likelihood of obtaining a mammogram.
In a study of metastatic cancer patients, Steptoe et al. [45] showed that while monitors had more factual knowledge about their health condition, they were less satisfied with the communication of their medical care.
Although high levels of information seeking have been shown to be associated with effective coping strategies in cancer patients [46], other research has supported the idea that those who actively seek information may have poorer coping skills [43], a finding that should temper assumptions about the unvaryingly positive impacts of CMC in the context of health.
In addition, individuals may themselves vary in their information seeking and coping styles, in some cases acting as blunters, while in others as monitors, and this may be due to contextual factors such as the person's understanding of the threat posed to them by the situation [47], and the type of stressor encountered [48].
個人特點發揮作用，人的決定就是否以及如何尋求信息的健康狀況。
有些人可能比其他人更有可能尋求信息作為應對策略。
例如，米勒的行為方式量表的前提是，人們的思想傾向，以應付有壓力的情況下被鈍化和/或監控。
從廣義上講，blunters避免信息和不喜歡思考他們緊張的情況下，同時積極尋求信息監控，以減少焦慮和幫助自己應付 [42,43]。
威廉姆斯Piehota等。 [44]表明，婦女患乳腺癌的風險，適應信息有關的乳房X光檢查的重要性，以接收“行為風格增加blunters”的可能性獲得乳房X光檢查。
在一項研究中轉移性腫瘤患者，世強等。 [45]表明，雖然有更多的事實性知識監控自己的健康狀況，他們不太滿意通信的醫療服務。
雖然高層次的信息要求已經被證明是有效的應對策略與癌症患者[46]，其他研究支持這個想法，那些誰積極尋求信息可能有較差的應對技巧[43]，這一發現應脾氣假設關於 unvaryingly積極影響的背景下的CMC的健康。
此外，個人本身可能各不相同的信息，尋求和應對方式，在某些情況下充當 blunters，而在其他的顯示器，這可能是由於環境因素，如人的認識造成的威脅到他們的情況[47]，以及遇到的類型的應激 [48]。
Other information seeking theories examine motivation as a key aspect of information seeking and behaviour change.
The Extended Parallel Process model has been proposed to explain how people rationalize decisions they make in relation to messages that evoke threat and fear, and how efficacy influences the ability to change [49].
For example, health promotion messages about the dangers of smoking (threat) are ubiquitous, and invoke concerns about cancer (fear), but individuals may continue to smoke because they do not think they are able to quit (lack of efficacy).
Similarly, the Theory of Reasoned Action has been used to explain the ways in which individuals and groups engage in information seeking.
For example, African American men have specific behavioural and normative beliefs in relation to seeking information related to prostate cancer that may differ from those of Caucasian American men [50].
Another theory, the Health Belief Model, attempts to explain motivation regarding behaviour in relation to goals and values.
If someone places high value on their health, it is believed they will engage in behaviour to maintain it [51].
Other more comprehensive information seeking frameworks take into consideration other variables such as the source of information, mechanism, individual differences and external environmental variables such as cultural and socio-economic status [52].
These theories tend to explain motivation for seeking information but do not account for the desire to do so collaboratively or to find others in a similar circumstance in order to obtain anecdotal or experiential information.
其他資訊尋求理論研究的一個重要動機方面的信息要求和行為的改變。
擴展並行處理模式已經被提出來解釋人們如何做出合理的決策，他們在有關消息，引起威脅和恐懼，以及如何影響療效的能力，改變 [49]。
例如，健康促進信息有關吸煙的危害（威脅）是普遍存在的，並調用關注癌症（恐懼），但個人可繼續吸煙，因為他們不認為他們能夠戒菸（缺乏療效）。
同樣，理性行動理論已被用來解釋的方法，使個人和團體從事信息尋找。
例如，非洲裔男性有具體的行為規範的信念與追求信息與前列腺癌可能與那些美國白人男性[50]。
另一種理論，健康信念模式，試圖解釋動機有關的行為有關的目標和價值觀。如果有人的地方對他們的健康價值高，相信他們會從事的行為，以維護它[51]。
其他尋求更全面的信息框架，考慮到其他因素，如信息來源，機制，個體差異和外部環境因素，如文化和社會經濟地位[52]。
這些理論來解釋動機往往尋求信息，但不佔渴望這樣做，或找其他人協作在類似情況下，才能獲得傳聞或經驗的信息。
Given these individual and situational influences on health information seeking, it is perhaps not surprising that people will use new media to explore their health conditions and their needs for both information and social support.
The Internet can be seen as but one more way – and for some a particularly convenient and useful one – to meet these needs.
Indeed it has been suggested that "sharing ideas and experiences with others through online health support groups may have health benefits." [53], and online communities have been described as the "...single most important aspect of the web with the biggest impact on health outcomes." [54].
鑑於這些個人和情境因素對健康信息的要求，這也許並不奇怪，人們將使用新媒體，探索他們的健康狀況和他們的需要為信息和社會支持。
互聯網可以被看作但多一個方式 - 和一些特別方便和有用的 - 滿足這些需求。
事實上，有人認為“交流思想和經驗，通過網上與他人的健康支持團體可能有健康的好處。” [53]，網上社區被描述為“... ...最重要的方面是網絡的最大影響健康結果。” [54]。
We are now beginning to understand that these collaborations are an important element in supporting those learning about health conditions [55].
In particular, some patients may be seeking anecdotal information about their conditions from others who have the same condition but are not relying on online environments [56].
We believe that as Web applications such as wikis, blogs, and social networking sites continue to proliferate, more and more patients will be sharing and learning from each other in online environments.
Increased participation in online communities strengthens the potential for patients to influence each other's decision making, emphasizing a third decision making dyad: patient-patient.
It must be noted however, that, as described above, many of the information seeking patterns we now see on the Web are not in fact new – they merely replicate, in a new environment, the patterns and preferences for information seeking seen in non-online environments.
What is new is the increased ability for some people to access "more people like me" in very fast and highly convenient ways.
Therefore we must move towards a model that explains collaboration with other patients in health information seeking.
We now shift our focus to consider ways in which these online environments can improve the capacity to support collaboration in relation to web-based patient education, in particular that which acknowledges experiential learning.
We explore one theory of experiential learning as a way to understand the benefits, and potential harms, of online patient collaborations.
我們現在開始明白，這些合作是一個重要的因素在支持那些學習有關健康狀況 [55]。
特別是一些病人可能會尋求傳聞有關他們的情況，從別人誰擁有相同的條件，但不依賴於網絡環境 [56]。
我們相信，隨著網絡應用，如維基，博客和社交網站不斷增加，越來越多的患者將被分享和相互學習的在線環境。
更多地參與在線社區加強對病人的潛在影響對方的決策，強調決策的第三個二分體：患者住院。
但是必須指出，即，如上所述，許多的資訊尋求模式，我們現在看到在網絡上其實不是新的 - 他們只是複製，在新的環境，模式和偏好信息尋求見於非在線環境。
什麼是新增加的能力是對某些人訪問“更多的人喜歡我”的非常快，非常方便的方法。
因此，我們必須朝著一個模型，解釋了合作與其他病人的健康信息尋找。
我們現在我們的重點轉移到考慮如何使這些在線環境可以提高能力，以支持與合作，基於 Web的耐心教育，特別是其中承認經驗學習。
我們探討一個理論學習的經驗，以此來了解其好處和潛在危害，網上病人的合作。
Experiential learning is defined as learning by doing or learning based on experience.
It is often associated with informal adult learning such as life experiences occurring outside formal classroom instruction.
Kolb [57] proposed a four stage cyclical process that includes concrete experience, observation and reflection, forming abstract concepts, and testing in new situations.
Table 1 adapts this process to the patient education experience in a web-based environment. We refer to this framework as the experiential health information processing model.
體驗式學習是指在實踐中學習或學習的經驗。
它往往是與非正規成人學習生活經驗，如發生境外正規的課堂教學。
科爾布[57]提出了一個四階段的循環過程，包括具體經驗，觀察和思考，形成抽象的概念，在新的形勢和測試。
表1適應這個過程中給患者教育的經驗在一個基於 Web的環境。我們把這個框架作為體驗式健康信息處理模型。
Table 1
The experiential health information processing model
Kolb model for experiential learning
Steps in patient experience
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1. Concrete experience: an event
The diagnosis of an illness, presentation of treatment options or other decisions related to care creates a need for information.
2. Observations and reflections: thinking about the event and its impact
By entering an online community an individual observes by reading the messages and reflects about their own experience in relation to the information shared.
3. Formation of abstract concepts and generalizations: what was learned
Inquiry through posted messages is made regarding a patient's next steps or treatment decisions related to their care from other community members.
4. Testing implications of concepts in new situations: active experimentation
By using knowledge acquired from the group the patient proceeds to a treatment decision.
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O'Grady et al. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2008 8:58 doi:10.1186/1472-6947-8-58
將英文翻譯為中文(繁體)
表1
體驗健康的信息處理模式
科爾布的經驗學習模式
患者體驗的步驟
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1。具體的經驗：一個事件
一個疾病的診斷，治療方案介紹或其他決定建立一個相關的護理需要的信息。
2。觀察與思考：思考事件及其影響
通過輸入一個在線社區，個人閱讀的消息指出，反映他們自己的經驗與信息共享。
3。形成抽象的概念和概括：學到了什麼
通過查詢發布消息的是提出的關於病人的下一個步驟或治療的決定與他們的照顧，其他社區成員。
4。測試意義的概念在新的形勢：積極試驗
利用學到的知識，從該組中的病人所得的治療決定。
By framing collaborative web-based patient education in the context of experiential learning we may find that those who participate in the forums are seeking specific forms of support from the community, particularly at stages 2 and 3 where requests for and presentations of new information play a key role in the learning experience.
Participants who post their questions and concerns in an online forum may in part seek to have these issues addressed by other more experienced members [58].
Facilitators or seasoned participants may play a key role in ensuring that this occurs.
通過制定協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育的背景下體驗式學習我們可能會發現，那些誰參加論壇的具體形式尋求社會的支持，特別是在2和第3階段在請求和介紹新的信息發揮關鍵作用，在學習的經驗。
與會者誰後的問題和關注在一個網上論壇，可能有部分尋求解決這些問題，由其他有經驗的成員 [58]。
調解人或經驗豐富的參與者可以發揮關鍵作用，確保發生這種情況。
In many online forums participants focus on sharing their experiences, which in turn becomes filtered and distilled within the community such that the experience becomes de facto "information" or "fact".
For example, someone may post a positive experience about taking a medication and be quite persuasive (intentionally or not) in suggesting that others will have the same successful outcome regardless of whether this is medically indicated or even possible.
Indicators of trustworthy or believable content found online have included credentials of the author (e.g., a medical degree) [59], among others [60].
However, as more information is shared amongst laypeople online, the accredited status of 'MD' (or other traditional source credentials) may become less important.
Individuals with a disease or condition are beginning to emerge as authoritative sources [61].
As more participants collaborate online, distinctions between a web site, its content, and other users becomes less defined.
With this blurring, credibility indicators will likely shift as well.
Those who are reading online content need to both determine the credibility of the message and its applicability to their own circumstances.
Some may be unduly influenced or give credence to experiences shared anecdotally over more scientifically acceptable forms of information, due in part to the perceived credibility of the person posting the message.
As the patient-patient dyad in an online context becomes more popular, credibility may become an important issue in relation to decision making in the offline world (e.g., between patient and physician).
在許多網上論壇的參與者專注於分享他們的經驗，從而成為過濾和蒸餾等社區內的經驗變成事實上的“信息”或“事實”。
例如，有人可能會發表了積極的經驗和有關服用藥物是非常有說服力的（有意或無意）的建議，其他人也會有同樣成功的結果無論是醫學上表示，甚至有可能。
值得信賴的指標或可信的內容包括在網上找到了作者的憑據（例如，一個醫學學位）[59]等人[60]。
然而，隨著越來越多的教友之間信息共享上網，認可地位的“MD”（或其他傳統的來源憑證）可能變得不那麼重要。
個人與疾病或情況已開始出現的權威來源 [61]。
隨著越來越多的參與者協作網絡，網站之間的區別，它的內容，和其他用戶變得不那麼確定。
有了這個模糊，信譽指標將有可能轉變為好。
誰是網上閱讀這些內容需要雙方確定的信譽信息，其適用於自己的情況。
有些可能是不必要的影響或輕信經驗共享閒談形式接受了更加科學的信息，部分原因是感知信譽的人發布的消息。
由於患者住院矢在網上環境越來越流行，信譽可能成為一個重要問題，關係到決策在離線世界（例如，病人和醫生之間）。
A key step will be to test this model empirically.
A number of research designs lend themselves to this task.
For example, in depth qualitative interviews would be an important first step to understand whether the model, and it's proposed stages, can be applied to the context and experiences of these users – i.e., does the Kolb model map onto this learning context, and if not, where are the divergences?
For example, did a diagnosis create an information need (Stage 1)?
If so, did the patient explore an online community or other sources of information?
If an online environment was used to meet these needs (Stages 2 and 3) then in what ways and to what extent?
Similarly, focus groups with assorted types of participants in these communities (new, experienced, etc.) could elucidate group processes.
Various participant-observation and/or ethnographic approaches, including analysis of postings, could provide a clear sense of these processes in situ.
Finally, to understand the actual impact of these processes on important health (and other) outcomes, studies employing longitudinal methods would be an important second step in a proposed research agenda.
For example, participants would be asked to what extent and how the information obtained from others online was useful or influential, and, conversely, whether decisions made using these processes were later regretted (Stage 4).
The findings of these types of research could have important implications for those who design and support such environments, and also for our understanding of processes of learning in new media environments more generally.
一個關鍵的步驟將是檢驗這一模型的實證。
一個數字的研究設計提供參與這一任務。
例如，在深入定性訪談將是一個重要的第一步，了解有無模型，它提出的階段，可以應用到的背景和經驗，這些用戶 - 即，是否科爾布模型映射到這個學習環境，如果不，這裡是分歧？
例如，做了診斷需要建立一個信息（第一階段）？如果是這樣，做了耐心探索網上社區或其他來源的信息？
如果一個網絡環境是用來滿足這些需要（階段 2和3），那麼什麼樣的方式和到什麼程度？
同樣，焦點小組與各類類型的參與者在這些社區（新，經驗豐富，等等）可以闡明組進程。
各參與觀察和/或人種學的方法，包括分析的帖子，可以提供一個清晰的感覺到這些過程的原位。
最後，要了解實際影響這些過程的重要健康（和其他）的結果，採用縱向研究方法將是一個重要的第二步中提出的研究議程。
例如，參與者將被要求到什麼程度，如何從別人獲得的信息網絡是有益的或有影響的，相反，作出的決定是否使用這些方法後來後悔（階段 4）。
這一發現對這些類型的研究可能有重要影響的那些誰設計和支持這樣的環境，也為我們理解學習過程中的新媒體環境更普遍。
Understanding at what stages an individual requires information could provide important insight into both individual outcomes, as well as sustaining the community.
For example, if it is understood that most new learners require a period of time in which they prefer to only read messages online before actively participating, this could be outlined in the instructions for participation.
Of equal importance will be examining disruptive behaviour within the model.
Disruptive behaviours in traditional collaborative web-based environments such as forums and lists include spam (unsolicited messages), flaming (messages that attack others), baiting (an inside joke in which participants are solicited to post responses that are humorous to others) and trolling (messages that contain false responses to an inquiry, generally to provoke an argument) [9].
Blogs can also be subjected to these types of behaviours through the comment section, while in applications such as wikis, malicious altering of content is also a concern [16].
Research directions in this area include investigations about how disruptive behaviour in online communities might affect an individual's search for health information and what mitigation and management techniques for dealing with this are most effective and appropriate in collaborative web-based patient education communities.
了解一個人處於什麼階段需要的信息可以提供重要的洞察既有個人的成果，以及維持社會。
例如，如果據了解，大多數的新學員需要一段時間中，他們更喜歡網上只能讀取郵件之前積極參與，這可能是概述說明參加。
同樣重要的將是破壞性行為研究模型中。
破壞性行為在傳統的協作網絡為基礎的環境，如論壇，並列出包括垃圾郵件（不請自來的郵件），燃燒（消息攻擊他人），引誘（一個內部笑話，其中參與者徵求張貼回應是幽默給他人）和曳（含有虛假消息的反應進行調查，一般要挑起爭論）[9]。
博客也受到這些類型的行為，通過註釋部分，而在應用，如維基，惡意修改的內容也值得關注[16]。
在這方面的研究方向包括調查有關如何在網絡社區破壞性行為可能會影響個人的健康信息和尋找什麼緩解和管理技術，為處理這是最有效和最適當的協作網絡為基礎的社區患者教育。
Another avenue of future research is to explore potential clinical applications of experiential patient engagement and learning in online environments.
Individual stories that are propagated using collaborative applications through popularity ratings may promote learning but may also effectively submerge information that has in fact been verified by formal research.
By tracing the online spread of such ideas via network analysis, models of online information flow in collaborative Web applications could be developed.
今後研究的另一個途徑是探討潛在的臨床應用經驗的病人接觸和學習網絡環境。
個人故事，傳播使用協作應用程序通過民望可能促進學習，但也可能有效地淹沒的信息實際上已經驗證了正式研究。
通過跟踪網上傳播這樣的想法通過網絡分析，模型的網上信息流的協作 Web應用程序能夠得到發展。
Sharing experiential information through blogs and other mechanisms as compared to other methods of conveying information online may change the way information is acquired, perceived, and internalized.
In addition, investigations that compare these approaches to other forms of information exchange, including in-person support groups, and more self-directed, non-social approaches to information-seeking and learning are required.
This is a rich area for research that has yet to be well-explored.
經驗共享信息，通過博客和其他機制，相對於其他方法傳遞信息網上可能會改變信息的方式獲取，感知和內化。
此外，調查的比較這些方法的其他形式的信息交流，包括在人的支持團體，更自主，非社會的方法來尋找信息和學習是必需的。
這是一個富人區的研究，還有待精心探索。
Also of interest is the evolving nature of credibility and the way it is depicted, understood and accepted as more laypeople become recognized as experts and opinion leaders in online environments.
More research will need to be conducted in order to understand this evolving concept.
In this area, quantitative and visual methods such as social network analysis offer tools for analyzing the social nature of learning.
Such analyses may be strengthened through the use of now-ubiquitous Web features in which users rate or comment on each other's content.
Feedback to commonly seen questions such as, "Was this review helpful to you?" can provide proxy measures for assessing the impact of individuals within a collaborative learning environment.
另外的興趣是不斷變化的性質和方式的可信性是描述，理解和接受更多的教友成為公認的專家和意見領袖在網絡環境中。
更多的研究需要進行，以了解這個不斷發展的概念。
在這方面，定量和視覺的方法，如社會網絡分析提供工具分析社會性的學習。
這種分析可能得到加強，通過利用現在已經無處不在的網絡功能，讓使用者率或評論彼此的內容。
意見反饋常見問題，如“該點評有幫助嗎？”可以提供代理措施的影響評估個人在協作學習環境。
The face of health care on the Internet is changing.
Just as we begin to research how new technologies are being used by health-interested web users, they change and impact the frame of reference.
Recently, large scale web-based personal health record repositories have been implemented by Google (Google Health) and Microsoft (Vault).
It remains to be seen whether or not these initiatives will eventually supersede many of the smaller, community or hospital-based projects that currently support peer to peer exchange of information.
However, it is important to understand user needs and behaviour when implementing any technology, including that which supports collaboration in web-based patient education.
而面對保健互聯網上正在發生變化。
正如我們開始研究如何利用新技術正在使用的健康感興趣的網絡用戶，他們的變化和影響的參照系。
近日，大型網絡為基礎的個人健康記錄資料庫已實施谷歌（Google衛生）和微軟（庫）。
這還有待觀察是否這些舉措最終將取代許多較小的，社區或醫院為基礎的項目，目前支持點對點的信息交流。
然而，重要的是要了解用戶的需求和行為時實施的任何技術，包括支持協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育。
Many theories exist that attempt to explain information seeking, and some have been applied to health-related scenarios.
However, few address this behaviour in relation to others that seek information or those who are specifically looking for peer experiences, guidance and support.
Since most (if not all) individuals searching for information about their health care condition are already motivated (as defined by actively seeking help) we propose, in contrast to models based on motivation, an online health information seeking model based on learning theory.
A key to understanding and supporting collaborative web-based patient education will involve examining environments that aid such information exchange using tools, technologies and approaches that assist these processes.
Knowledge about an individual's health condition that is constructed collaboratively through collective sharing of experiences can provide not only "information" but also support, and, a key for many health information seekers, care [62,63].
Given that these forms of collaboration may well influence the decision making process for patients, we need to consider ways to better enable and support the exchange of experiential and anecdotal information, and help patients differentiate the different kinds of information to which they may be exposed in these environments.
This is particularly important in a rapidly evolving technical environment, where we need to find ways to test whether new technologies actually help people, and if so, in which populations and in what ways.
We also need to be cautious and critical about the as yet untested benefits of these emerging technologies.
We must be mindful that contribution rates in these online environments remain low, with lurkers (those who read messages but do not contribute) continuing to significantly outnumber more active participants.
許多理論存在，試圖尋求解釋的信息，有些已應用於健康有關的情況。
然而，很少有解決這種行為與他人尋求信息或誰是專找同行的經驗，指導和支持。
由於大部分（如果不是全部）的個人搜索信息對他們的醫療條件已經動機（定義，積極尋求幫助）我們建議，在對比車型的基礎上的動機，尋求一個網上健康信息模型的基礎上學習理論。
一個關鍵的理解和支持協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育研究會涉及環境，援助等信息交換用的工具，技術和方法，協助這些進程。
知識有關個人的健康狀況是通過集體協作構建共享經驗，不僅可以提供“信息”，但也支持，而且，許多健康的一個重要的信息搜索者，護理 [62,63]。
鑑於這些形式的合作很可能影響到決策過程中的病人，我們需要考慮如何更好地啟用和支持交流經驗和傳聞的信息，幫助患者區分不同種類的信息，他們可能被暴露在這些環境。
這是特別重要的一個迅速發展的技術環境，在這裡我們需要找到方法來測試新技術是否真正幫助人們，如果是這樣，其中的人口以及以何種方式。
我們還需要謹慎和關鍵對尚未未經檢驗的利益，這些新興技術。
我們必須銘記的貢獻率在這些在線環境仍然很低，與潛伏者（那些誰讀消息，但沒有貢獻）繼續顯著多於更積極的參與者。
If collaboration is indeed an important element to patients' online health education experiences a key next step will be finding ways to understand and, ultimately, support experiential learning, and reinforce the capacity for individuals to learn in these environments by enabling their exposure to others with similar needs and experiences.
It is important to note that despite rhetoric about the democratization of information via the Internet, online interactions may simply reproduce existing power structures and may not, in fact, truly empower patients [64,65].
We propose that understanding each step of our proposed experiential health information processing model will help elucidate the interactions between users and other users, mediated by the technologies.
Delineation of the steps outlined in Table 1 can assist organizations and individuals working in the field of patient education. Additional research – perhaps following approaches taken to other complex and multi-faceted socio-technical (so-called "wicked") problems [66] – is urgently required.
如果合作的確是一個重要的因素對病人的在線健康教育經驗的關鍵下一步將是設法理解，並最終支持經驗學習，並加強能力為個人學習，這些環境以使他們能夠接觸到別人的類似的需求和經驗。
重要的是要注意的是，儘管言辭關於民主化的信息通過互聯網，在線互動可能只是複製現有的權力結構，可能沒有，其實，真正使患者[64,65]。
我們建議，了解每一步我們建議的體驗健康信息處理模型將有助於闡明用戶之間的相互作用和其他用戶，介導的技術。
劃定的步驟列於表1可以幫助組織和個人在外地打工的患者教育。進一步的研究 - 可能採取以下方法對其他複雜的和多方位的社會技術（即所謂的“惡人”）的問題[66] - 是迫切需要。
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LOG conceptualized and wrote the first draft of the paper.
HW added content throughout the paper, contributing most substantially to the sections on determinants of health information seeking behaviour, the role of new technologies in information seeking behaviour, the future directions and conclusions. NW wrote sections related to collaboration in web-based patient education component as well as the future directions and conclusion sections and contributed substantially to the content of the remaining sections.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
* Funding was provided by The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Health Care, Technology, and Place Research Training Program (HCTP), Knowledge Translation Branch, Institution of Health Services and Policy Research, and Institute of Gender and Health.
+ L. O'Grady was supported by a Post Doctoral Fellowship sponsored by the Ontario Women's Health Council (OWHC), The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and the Institute of Gender and Health (IHC).
± C.N. Wathen holds a CIHR-OWHC New Investigator Award.
競爭利益
作者聲明他們沒有利益衝突。
作者的貢獻
LOG概念化和寫了第一稿的紙張。
硬件添加整個文件的內容，最顯著貢獻的部分就決定尋求健康信息的行為，作用的新技術，尋求信息的行為，今後的方向和結論。 NW寫部分相關協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育組成部分，以及未來的方向和結論，並作出了重大貢獻的部分內容，其餘部分。
所有作者讀通過了最後的手稿。
致謝
*經費是由加拿大衛生研究院的研究（CIHR），醫療保健，科技，並將其放在研究培訓計劃（HCTP），知識翻譯科，衛生服務機構和政策研究，研究所性別與健康。
+ L奧格雷迪是由一名博士後聯誼會主辦的安大略省婦女健康局（OWHC），加拿大衛生研究院的研究（CIHR），以及性別與健康研究所（IHC）。
± C.N. Wathen持有CIHR- OWHC新研究者獎。
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Laura A O'Grady1* , Holly Witteman2* and C Nadine Wathen3*
1 Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Healthcare, Technology and Place, Centre for Global eHealth Innovation, University Health Network, R. Fraser Elliott Building, 4th floor, Toronto General Hospital, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
2 Interactive Media Lab, Human Factors, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Health Care, Technology and Place, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
3 Faculty of Information & Media Studies, The University of Western Ontario, North Campus Building, Room 254, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
author email corresponding author email* Contributed equally
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2008, 8:58doi:10.1186/1472-6947-8-58
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/8/58
Received: 7 July 2008
Accepted: 16 December 2008
Published: 16 December 2008
© 2008 O'Grady et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
First generation Internet technologies such as mailing lists or newsgroups afforded unprecedented levels of information exchange within a variety of interest groups, including those who seek health information. With emergence of the World Wide Web many communication applications were ported to web browsers. One of the driving factors in this phenomenon has been the exchange of experiential or anecdotal knowledge that patients share online, and there is emerging evidence that participation in these forums may be having an impact on people's health decision making. Theoretical frameworks supporting this form of information seeking and learning have yet to be proposed.
Results
In this article, we propose an adaptation of Kolb's experiential learning theory to begin to formulate an experiential health information processing model that may contribute to our understanding of online health information seeking behaviour in this context.
Conclusion
An experiential health information processing model is proposed that can be used as a research framework. Future research directions include investigating the utility of this model in the online health information seeking context, studying the impact of collaborating in these online environments on patient decision making and on health outcomes are provided.
摘要
背景
第一代互聯網技術，如郵件列表或新聞組給予了前所未有的水平之內的信息交流各種利益群體，包括那些誰尋求健康信息。
隨著出現了萬維網許多通信應用被移植到Web瀏覽器。
其中一個推動因素在此現象一直是交流經驗或傳聞知識，患者共享上網，並有新的證據表明，參與這些論壇可能會產生影響人們的健康決策。
支持這一理論框架的形式尋求信息和學習還有待議。
結果
在這篇文章中，我們提出了一個適應的科爾布的經驗學習理論，開始制訂體驗健康信息處理模型，可能有助於我們了解在線健康信息尋求行為在這方面。
結論
體驗健康的信息處理模型，提出，可以用來作為研究框架。
未來的研究方向包括調查的效用這種模式在網上尋找健康信息的背景下，研究影響合作，在這些網上環境決策和對病人的健康狀況提供。
Background
A core element of the Internet has always been its capacity to facilitate communication.
Designed to support the 'many to many' exchange mode, mailing lists served a similar function as that of newsgroups by providing a forum for asynchronous discussion by people with similar interests.
Like email, these forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC) required use of software applications such as newsreaders or email programs.
These applications became a popular medium to exchange information in the early days of the Internet.
With the advent of the World Wide Web content became, in many cases, authored by 'one' source for 'many' to read ('one to many' mode).
Once the web began to dominate as a preferred means to access content online various CMC tools were ported to web browsers to accommodate this shift.
背景
一個核心要素，互聯網一直是其能力，以方便溝通。
旨在支持“多對多”的交流模式，郵件列表服務類似的功能是通過新聞組提供一個論壇，討論通過異步與志趣相投的人。
如電子郵件，這些形式的電腦中介傳播（CMC）需要使用的軟件應用，如新聞閱讀器或電子郵件程序。
這些應用程序成為廣受歡迎的媒介，交流信息，在早期的互聯網。
隨著到來的萬維網內容成為了，在很多情況下，撰寫了“一個'源'許多'讀（”一對多“模式）。
一旦網站開始佔據主導地位作為首選手段，獲取在線內容的各種 CMC工具，移植到Web瀏覽器，以適應這種轉變。
Many organizations such as non-profits and hospitals, and in some cases individuals, utilized these technologies to support or enhance patient education.
Some early online communities such as the Breast-Cancer List, now in its thirteenth year, are still in operation.
Usenet health-related newsgroups are still available through the web interface Google Groups [1] with many active in both the alt.health and alt.support hierarchies.
Consumer-driven web-based health bulletin boards and lists also exist; for example, WebMD forums [2], HealthBoards [3] and health-specific Yahoo Groups [4], although many of these may be considered relatively recent endeavours in comparison to their older cousins.
許多組織，如非營利組織和醫院，並在某些情況下個人，利用這些技術來支持或加強病人教育。
一些早期的網上社區，如乳腺癌名單，目前已進入第十三年，仍繼續運作。
新聞組與健康有關的新聞組仍然可以通過網絡界面谷歌組 [1]與許多活躍在兩個 alt.health和alt.support層次。
消費者驅動的Web為基礎的健康宣傳欄，並列出還存在，例如，中央社論壇 [2]，HealthBoards[3]和健康的具體雅虎組 [4]，雖然很多這些可被視為較近期的努力相比，他們的年齡較大的表兄弟。
There are numerous and varied factors motivating use of the Internet as a means to access health care information.
For some, the web has been used as a mechanism to both find and share information [5], to determine alternative or complementary treatments and for insights about rare conditions and new treatments [6].
For others, physical remoteness has led to Internet use to mitigate geographic boundaries [7].
For those seeking privacy, the ability to participate anonymously is a strong motivator [8].
In some cases clarification or further understanding of medical content is the goal [9].
One of the common elements found in these types of applications is the sharing of a personal story.
Many health-related online forums have been used to provide anecdotal or experiential knowledge by individuals regarding various treatments or medications [5,10,11].
有許多不同因素的激勵和利用互聯網為手段，以獲得醫療保健信息。
一些人認為，網絡已經被用來作為一種機制，既查找和共享信息[5]，以確定替代或補充治療和觀點關於罕見的條件和新的治療方法[6]。
對於其他人，物理偏遠，導致互聯網的使用，以減輕地理界限[7]。
對於那些尋求隱私，有能力參與匿名是一個強大的動力[8]。
在某些情況下，澄清或進一步了解醫療內容是目標[9]。
其中一個共同的元素存在於這些類型的應用是分享個人的故事。
許多與健康有關的網上論壇已被用於提供傳聞或個人經驗知識有關的各種治療方法或藥物[5,10,11]。
Early efforts to communicate online often fell victim to disruptive behaviour such as flaming, baiting or spamming.
In other cases communities failed due to issues with the usability [12] or accessibility [13] of the interface, or with the sociability of the community [9].
For some health communities, a fading need may have been a mitigating factor.
For example, the Crix List, a forum to exchange information related to the HIV protease inhibitor Crixivan, is no longer active.
One of the main purposes of this list was to discuss the side effects of this new medication, and its demise may well have been due to growing understanding of interventions to reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS treatment side effects.
These kinds of issues – alone or in combination – have likely contributed towards many online communities, including those on health-related topics, ceasing operation.
早期的努力，在線溝通往往犧牲品破壞性行為，如熾盛，引誘或垃圾郵件。
在其他情況下社區失敗，因為問題的可用性[12]或輔助[13]的接口，或與群性社會[9]。
對於一些健康的社區，一個衰落的需要可能是一個減輕的因素。
例如，Crix名單，座談會，交流信息與艾滋病毒蛋白酶抑製劑 Crixivan，不再有效。
其中一個主要目的是討論這份名單的副作用這一新的藥物，其滅亡可能是由於人們越來越認識的干預措施，以減少影響艾滋病毒/艾滋病治療的副作用。
這些類型的問題 - 單獨或組合 - 有可能導致對許多網上社區，包括那些與健康有關的話題，停止運作。
Recent advances and cultural shifts in online participation have coincided with technologies such as wikis and blogs that support this type of community sharing [14].
This shift, referred to as Web 2.0, includes the use of new tools that are designed to support collective knowledge sharing with interfaces that promote ease of editing and real-time changes unlike their web site predecessors [15].
Fewer technical barriers mean that those using these applications in order to learn about health are changing their roles from passively receiving information from a site (where content was often generated solely by the owner of the site), to collaboratively building knowledge [16].
This concept, where knowledge is generated amongst a group of individuals, has been described as the "wisdom of crowds," a notion that postulates the more people participating together to create knowledge, the better the information generated will be [17].
However, this idea raises concerns that learners with dissenting ideas and views may find such learning environments unfriendly.
A collaborative filtering model in which popularity breeds popularity can lead to subject "icebergs," where less popular topics and ideas are submerged [18].
However, despite its potential pitfalls, the application of this concept in the domain of health remains a promising approach to the challenges of accessing useful information and support in a timely manner, and, many would argue, is an improvement on the pre-Internet days, when the capacity for group peer support was limited to the numbers of patients who could get together in person at any given time.
Web 2.0 provides an environment that easily supports this type of behaviour, transcending to a significant degree space and time constraints.
However, little research has examined the notion of collaborative behaviour in relation to health information seeking and knowledge creation on the Internet.
最近的進步和文化的變化都在網上參與恰逢技術，例如wiki和博客，支持這種類型的社會共享[14]。
這一轉變，被稱為 Web 2.0，包括使用新的工具，旨在支持集體知識共享的接口，易於推廣的編輯和實時變化不像他們的前輩的網站 [15]。
較少的技術壁壘意味著那些使用這些應用程序，以了解健康正在改變自己的角色從被動地接收信息從一個站點（其中的內容往往產生完全由該網站的所有者），以協作建設知識 [16]。
這個概念，在知識之間產生一組個人，被形容為“智慧人群”的概念，即假設更多的人參與，共同創造知識，更好的信息將產生 [17]。
然而，這一想法引起了關注，學習者與反對的想法和看法可能會發現這樣的學習環境不友好。
一個協同過濾模型，其中人氣品種的普及可能導致主體“冰山”，其中較冷門的主題和思想被淹沒 [18]。
然而，儘管其潛在的隱患，應用這一概念在域中的健康仍然是一個有前途的方法來挑戰的訪問有用的信息和支持，及時，而且，很多人會說，是一種進步的前互聯網天當同行的支持能力組的人數是有限的，以誰的病人可能扎堆在人在任何特定時間。
網絡 2.0提供了一個環境，可以輕鬆地支持這種類型的行為，在很大程度上超越空間和時間的限制。
然而，很少有研究探討了概念的協作行為有關健康的信息和知識創造尋求在互聯網上。
Collaborative web-based patient education is intended to encompass the use of web technologies that support information seeking in this context.
This includes forums to exchange information, blogs that chronicle people's illness journeys, and wikis where a group of participants builds a repository of knowledge on a condition.
Social networking web sites such as FaceBook and MySpace are also playing a role in these interactions.
As the Internet has matured and made strides towards its original democratic ideals, collective knowledge-building using these applications has evolved.
Implications for collaborative web-based patient education arise partly because this "social software" [19] helps participants to communicate and share knowledge directly with each other in increasing and novel ways.
Online health information users can more easily bypass traditional information intermediaries such as medical professionals and instead use other community members as "apomediaries" [20] or health info(r)mediators [21], to learn about health topics, share and obtain recommendations about health providers and services at web sites such as Rate MDs [22] and Health Care Reviews [23], or even to collaborate in grassroots research by contributing and organizing personal health data at a site like PatientsLikeMe [24] or sharing personal genetic information at a site such as 23andme [25].
協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育是一套涵蓋了利用信息網絡技術，支持尋求在這方面。
這包括論壇，交流信息，博客，記載人的病情行程，其中一組和wiki的參與者建立一個信息庫的知識條件。
社交網站如Facebook和MySpace也發揮了作用，這些相互作用。
隨著互聯網已經成熟，並取得進展對原來的民主理想，集體知識建設使用這些應用程序已演變。
啟示協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育產生的部分原因是因為這個“社會軟件”[19]幫助學員進行交流和分享彼此的知識直接增加和新穎的方式。
網上健康信息使用者可以更容易地繞過傳統的信息中介機構，如醫療專業人士，而使用其他社區成員的“apomediaries”[20]或健康信息（R）的介質[21]，以了解有關健康的話題，分享和獲取有關建議醫療服務提供者和服務網站，如MD的速率[22]及健康護理評論 [23]，甚至在合作研究的貢獻和基層組織在個人健康資料的網站像PatientsLikeMe[24]或分享個人遺傳信息的23andMe公司的網站，如[25]。
One example of knowledge building through collaboration is the DCA forum, a group of cancer patients taking the experimental drug DCA (dichloroacetate) off-label (i.e., not for its originally intended purpose) who share experiential or anecdotal information about using this drug [26], including exchanging dosage information and self-treatment protocols.
Those new to off-label use of DCA are mentored by others more experienced in this application.
Sharing this type of information by using the online technology allows others with cancer to learn about their illnesses [27].
一個例子是通過協作知識建構是DCA論壇，一組癌症患者在服用實驗藥物 DCA（二氯）關閉標籤（即不是其原定用途）誰分享經驗或傳聞有關使用這種藥物[26]，包括信息交換量和自我治療方案。
這些新來關閉標籤使用輔導的DCA是由有經驗的人在此應用程序。
這種類型的信息共享利用網上技術允許其他人患癌症，了解自己的病情[27]。
However, as with all knowledge/information generated outside of specific standards or without the benefit of at least some expert review or guidance (even at the peer level), the issue of potential harms of misinformation must be considered.
Processes of "misinfo(r)mediation" [28] highlight the fact that even well-intentioned provision of poor quality information can have significant negative consequences, and the Internet must continue to be seen as another "buyer beware" environment within the landscape of health information – one where the significant gains in access to, and transmission speed of, information can cut both ways – i.e., for high and low quality information.
Concerns about misunderstanding and misuse of information are especially important in light of the expanding body of research in the areas of health literacy [29] and numeracy [30].
Skills for interpreting various forms of health information and integrating them into one's health decisions vary widely across populations [31].
Those with low health literacy and numeracy may be especially susceptible to misleading information and framing effects [32], whether these are intentional, as in malicious behaviour in an online community, or whether they simply reflect a poor fit between information content, its presentation, and the learner.
然而，與所有的知識 /信息產生的具體標準之外或沒有好處至少有一些專家審查或指導意見（甚至在同行的水平），這個問題的潛在危害，必須考慮的誤傳。
進程的“misinfo（R）調解”[28]強調的是，即使出於好意提供質量低劣的信息可以有很大的負面後果，而互聯網必須繼續被視為另一種“買方提防”內環境景觀衛生信息 - 一個地方的重大成果中獲取和傳輸速度，同時可以減少信息的方式 - 即，高，低質量的信息。
令人關注的誤解和誤用的信息是特別重要的輕體的擴大研究領域的健康素養[29]和計算[30]。
技能解釋各種形式的健康信息和整合他們成為一個健康的決定有很大的不同人群之間[31]。
這些低健康素養和算術可能特別容易受到誤導信息和框架效應[32]，不管是有意的，因為在惡意行為在網上社區，還是僅僅反映一個貧窮的配合之間的信息內容，其表示，和學習者。
These issues provide a useful lens through which to examine health education and decision-making as complex issues for patients and physicians alike.
For someone recently diagnosed with an illness, prognosis and treatment information are likely to be foreign and even daunting, requiring learning in the context of stress and perhaps fear.
Making decisions in this context is a complex process that may involve a wide variety of interpersonal interactions, as well as information requirements.
這些問題提供了有益的鏡頭，通過它來檢查健康教育和決策的複雜問題的病人和醫生的一致好評。
對於最近有人診斷為一種疾病，預後和治療的信息有可能被國外甚至艱鉅，需要學習的環境壓力和可能的恐懼。
在這方面做決策是一個複雜的過程，可能涉及到各種各樣的人際交往，以及信息的要求。
Research to date indicates that there are a variety of roles in the patient/physician decision-making dyad.
Physician-directed decision-making (stemming from the Parsonian model), while authoritarian in nature, was the primary means in health care delivery for many years.
Various social movements, including feminism/women's health and other advocacy-based approaches, led to an emphasis on individual autonomy, and in the health realm, actively including the voice of the patient in a process of 'shared decision making' [33,34].
However, not all patients wish to be fully autonomous. Some may wish to be informed [35] and/or participate in certain kinds of decisions, but not others [36].
Charles et al. [33] proposed three primary models of decision making: the 'paternalistic' model where the physician makes the decisions, the 'informed or autonomous' model where the physician imparts knowledge to the patient and the patient makes the decision, and the 'shared decision making' model where the process is collaborative.
The role assumed by a patient may have an impact on how information sources are weighted.
For example, one study found that those who desired the most control in their decision-making stated that their physician was their main information source and many were guided by the doctor's preferences [37].
迄今為止的研究表明，有各種角色在患者/醫生決策矢。
醫師指導決策（產生從帕森斯模型），而專制性的，主要手段是在衛生保健服務多年。
各種社會運動，包括女權主義/女性的健康和其他宣傳為基礎的方法，導致了強調個人的自主權，並在衛生領域，積極包括語音的病人在一個進程中的“共同決策”[33,34 。
然而，並非所有的患者希望得到充分的自治。有些人可能希望了解[35]和/或參加某些種類的決定，但沒有人[36]。
查爾斯等人。 [33]提出了三種主要模式的決策的：“家長式”的模式，使得醫生的決定，“通知或自治”的模式在傳授知識的醫生對病人和病人作出的決定，和“共同決策使得“模式，這個過程就是合作。
角色承擔病人可能產生影響的信息來源是如何加權。
例如，一項研究發現，那些誰想要的大多數控制在他們的決策表示，他們的醫生是他們的主要信息來源，許多人遵循醫生的喜好[37]。
In addition to the patient-physician decision-making dyad there are also other possible collaborations that can affect this process.
Physicians often consult each other to help with the decisions they make about care.
In this provider-provider dyad, consultative practices start in medical school, continue during training, and are a method of information seeking and decision-making among practicing clinicians.
Although not seemingly directly related to care, such interactions can be an important part of what treatment options are provided to patients, and in fact this practice has been cited as a barrier to evidence-based clinical care [38].
Information for all of those involved in care is an important element to the decision making process within this context.
除了醫患決策矢也有其他可能的合作，可以影響這一進程。
醫生往往相互協商，以幫助他們做出的決定照顧。
在此提供者提供二分體，協商的做法開始在醫學院，繼續進行訓練，並尋求方法的信息和決策中執業醫師。
雖然看似不直接相關的服務，這種相互作用可以是一個重要組成部分，什麼治療方案提供給患者，而事實上這種做法已被引為屏障，以證據為基礎的臨床護理 [38]。
所有這些信息涉及護理是一個重要的元素，決策過程在這一背景下。
People's information seeking behaviour (ISB) is complex and often iterative.
Research in this area has produced consistent findings that comprise what has been called the "principles of information seeking" [39]; these include that people seek information
1) in familiar and comfortable patterns;
2) often following an informal to formal continuum; and
3) in an opportunistic and situated/contextualized way.
Thus information seeking is often multi-faceted and complex and is comprised of interactions between individual, environmental and social factors.
All of these variables and their interplay result in the observation that ISB is often seemingly "irrational" to the outside observer.
Certainly these patterns are replicated in studies that have examined health information seeking in a variety of contexts [40,41].
人們的信息尋求行為（ISB）是複雜的，經常反复。
這方面的研究產生了一致的結果，即構成了所謂的“原則尋求信息”[39]，這些包括人們尋求信息
1）在熟悉和舒適的模式;
2）經常下一個非正式的正式連續;和
3）在投機取巧，位於/語境的方式。
因此，尋求信息往往是多方面的，複雜的，是由個體之間的相互作用，環境和社會因素。
所有這些變量及其相互作用的結果，在觀察到ISB往往是看似“非理性”的旁觀者。
當然，這些模式被複製的研究，已經研究衛生信息謀求在各種環境中[40,41]。
Individual characteristics play a role in people's decisions regarding whether and how to seek information for a health condition.
Some may be more likely than others to seek information as a coping strategy.
For example, Miller's Behavioural Style Scale is predicated on the idea that people tend to cope with stressful situations by blunting and/or monitoring.
Broadly speaking, blunters avoid information and prefer not to think about their stressful situations, while monitors actively seek information to reduce anxiety and help themselves cope [42,43].
Williams-Piehota et al. [44] demonstrated that for women at risk of breast cancer, adapting messages about the importance of mammography to receivers' behavioural style increased blunters' likelihood of obtaining a mammogram.
In a study of metastatic cancer patients, Steptoe et al. [45] showed that while monitors had more factual knowledge about their health condition, they were less satisfied with the communication of their medical care.
Although high levels of information seeking have been shown to be associated with effective coping strategies in cancer patients [46], other research has supported the idea that those who actively seek information may have poorer coping skills [43], a finding that should temper assumptions about the unvaryingly positive impacts of CMC in the context of health.
In addition, individuals may themselves vary in their information seeking and coping styles, in some cases acting as blunters, while in others as monitors, and this may be due to contextual factors such as the person's understanding of the threat posed to them by the situation [47], and the type of stressor encountered [48].
個人特點發揮作用，人的決定就是否以及如何尋求信息的健康狀況。
有些人可能比其他人更有可能尋求信息作為應對策略。
例如，米勒的行為方式量表的前提是，人們的思想傾向，以應付有壓力的情況下被鈍化和/或監控。
從廣義上講，blunters避免信息和不喜歡思考他們緊張的情況下，同時積極尋求信息監控，以減少焦慮和幫助自己應付 [42,43]。
威廉姆斯Piehota等。 [44]表明，婦女患乳腺癌的風險，適應信息有關的乳房X光檢查的重要性，以接收“行為風格增加blunters”的可能性獲得乳房X光檢查。
在一項研究中轉移性腫瘤患者，世強等。 [45]表明，雖然有更多的事實性知識監控自己的健康狀況，他們不太滿意通信的醫療服務。
雖然高層次的信息要求已經被證明是有效的應對策略與癌症患者[46]，其他研究支持這個想法，那些誰積極尋求信息可能有較差的應對技巧[43]，這一發現應脾氣假設關於 unvaryingly積極影響的背景下的CMC的健康。
此外，個人本身可能各不相同的信息，尋求和應對方式，在某些情況下充當 blunters，而在其他的顯示器，這可能是由於環境因素，如人的認識造成的威脅到他們的情況[47]，以及遇到的類型的應激 [48]。
Other information seeking theories examine motivation as a key aspect of information seeking and behaviour change.
The Extended Parallel Process model has been proposed to explain how people rationalize decisions they make in relation to messages that evoke threat and fear, and how efficacy influences the ability to change [49].
For example, health promotion messages about the dangers of smoking (threat) are ubiquitous, and invoke concerns about cancer (fear), but individuals may continue to smoke because they do not think they are able to quit (lack of efficacy).
Similarly, the Theory of Reasoned Action has been used to explain the ways in which individuals and groups engage in information seeking.
For example, African American men have specific behavioural and normative beliefs in relation to seeking information related to prostate cancer that may differ from those of Caucasian American men [50].
Another theory, the Health Belief Model, attempts to explain motivation regarding behaviour in relation to goals and values.
If someone places high value on their health, it is believed they will engage in behaviour to maintain it [51].
Other more comprehensive information seeking frameworks take into consideration other variables such as the source of information, mechanism, individual differences and external environmental variables such as cultural and socio-economic status [52].
These theories tend to explain motivation for seeking information but do not account for the desire to do so collaboratively or to find others in a similar circumstance in order to obtain anecdotal or experiential information.
其他資訊尋求理論研究的一個重要動機方面的信息要求和行為的改變。
擴展並行處理模式已經被提出來解釋人們如何做出合理的決策，他們在有關消息，引起威脅和恐懼，以及如何影響療效的能力，改變 [49]。
例如，健康促進信息有關吸煙的危害（威脅）是普遍存在的，並調用關注癌症（恐懼），但個人可繼續吸煙，因為他們不認為他們能夠戒菸（缺乏療效）。
同樣，理性行動理論已被用來解釋的方法，使個人和團體從事信息尋找。
例如，非洲裔男性有具體的行為規範的信念與追求信息與前列腺癌可能與那些美國白人男性[50]。
另一種理論，健康信念模式，試圖解釋動機有關的行為有關的目標和價值觀。如果有人的地方對他們的健康價值高，相信他們會從事的行為，以維護它[51]。
其他尋求更全面的信息框架，考慮到其他因素，如信息來源，機制，個體差異和外部環境因素，如文化和社會經濟地位[52]。
這些理論來解釋動機往往尋求信息，但不佔渴望這樣做，或找其他人協作在類似情況下，才能獲得傳聞或經驗的信息。
Given these individual and situational influences on health information seeking, it is perhaps not surprising that people will use new media to explore their health conditions and their needs for both information and social support.
The Internet can be seen as but one more way – and for some a particularly convenient and useful one – to meet these needs.
Indeed it has been suggested that "sharing ideas and experiences with others through online health support groups may have health benefits." [53], and online communities have been described as the "...single most important aspect of the web with the biggest impact on health outcomes." [54].
鑑於這些個人和情境因素對健康信息的要求，這也許並不奇怪，人們將使用新媒體，探索他們的健康狀況和他們的需要為信息和社會支持。
互聯網可以被看作但多一個方式 - 和一些特別方便和有用的 - 滿足這些需求。
事實上，有人認為“交流思想和經驗，通過網上與他人的健康支持團體可能有健康的好處。” [53]，網上社區被描述為“... ...最重要的方面是網絡的最大影響健康結果。” [54]。
We are now beginning to understand that these collaborations are an important element in supporting those learning about health conditions [55].
In particular, some patients may be seeking anecdotal information about their conditions from others who have the same condition but are not relying on online environments [56].
We believe that as Web applications such as wikis, blogs, and social networking sites continue to proliferate, more and more patients will be sharing and learning from each other in online environments.
Increased participation in online communities strengthens the potential for patients to influence each other's decision making, emphasizing a third decision making dyad: patient-patient.
It must be noted however, that, as described above, many of the information seeking patterns we now see on the Web are not in fact new – they merely replicate, in a new environment, the patterns and preferences for information seeking seen in non-online environments.
What is new is the increased ability for some people to access "more people like me" in very fast and highly convenient ways.
Therefore we must move towards a model that explains collaboration with other patients in health information seeking.
We now shift our focus to consider ways in which these online environments can improve the capacity to support collaboration in relation to web-based patient education, in particular that which acknowledges experiential learning.
We explore one theory of experiential learning as a way to understand the benefits, and potential harms, of online patient collaborations.
我們現在開始明白，這些合作是一個重要的因素在支持那些學習有關健康狀況 [55]。
特別是一些病人可能會尋求傳聞有關他們的情況，從別人誰擁有相同的條件，但不依賴於網絡環境 [56]。
我們相信，隨著網絡應用，如維基，博客和社交網站不斷增加，越來越多的患者將被分享和相互學習的在線環境。
更多地參與在線社區加強對病人的潛在影響對方的決策，強調決策的第三個二分體：患者住院。
但是必須指出，即，如上所述，許多的資訊尋求模式，我們現在看到在網絡上其實不是新的 - 他們只是複製，在新的環境，模式和偏好信息尋求見於非在線環境。
什麼是新增加的能力是對某些人訪問“更多的人喜歡我”的非常快，非常方便的方法。
因此，我們必須朝著一個模型，解釋了合作與其他病人的健康信息尋找。
我們現在我們的重點轉移到考慮如何使這些在線環境可以提高能力，以支持與合作，基於 Web的耐心教育，特別是其中承認經驗學習。
我們探討一個理論學習的經驗，以此來了解其好處和潛在危害，網上病人的合作。
Experiential learning is defined as learning by doing or learning based on experience.
It is often associated with informal adult learning such as life experiences occurring outside formal classroom instruction.
Kolb [57] proposed a four stage cyclical process that includes concrete experience, observation and reflection, forming abstract concepts, and testing in new situations.
Table 1 adapts this process to the patient education experience in a web-based environment. We refer to this framework as the experiential health information processing model.
體驗式學習是指在實踐中學習或學習的經驗。
它往往是與非正規成人學習生活經驗，如發生境外正規的課堂教學。
科爾布[57]提出了一個四階段的循環過程，包括具體經驗，觀察和思考，形成抽象的概念，在新的形勢和測試。
表1適應這個過程中給患者教育的經驗在一個基於 Web的環境。我們把這個框架作為體驗式健康信息處理模型。
Table 1
The experiential health information processing model
Kolb model for experiential learning
Steps in patient experience
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1. Concrete experience: an event
The diagnosis of an illness, presentation of treatment options or other decisions related to care creates a need for information.
2. Observations and reflections: thinking about the event and its impact
By entering an online community an individual observes by reading the messages and reflects about their own experience in relation to the information shared.
3. Formation of abstract concepts and generalizations: what was learned
Inquiry through posted messages is made regarding a patient's next steps or treatment decisions related to their care from other community members.
4. Testing implications of concepts in new situations: active experimentation
By using knowledge acquired from the group the patient proceeds to a treatment decision.
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O'Grady et al. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2008 8:58 doi:10.1186/1472-6947-8-58
將英文翻譯為中文(繁體)
表1
體驗健康的信息處理模式
科爾布的經驗學習模式
患者體驗的步驟
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
1。具體的經驗：一個事件
一個疾病的診斷，治療方案介紹或其他決定建立一個相關的護理需要的信息。
2。觀察與思考：思考事件及其影響
通過輸入一個在線社區，個人閱讀的消息指出，反映他們自己的經驗與信息共享。
3。形成抽象的概念和概括：學到了什麼
通過查詢發布消息的是提出的關於病人的下一個步驟或治療的決定與他們的照顧，其他社區成員。
4。測試意義的概念在新的形勢：積極試驗
利用學到的知識，從該組中的病人所得的治療決定。
By framing collaborative web-based patient education in the context of experiential learning we may find that those who participate in the forums are seeking specific forms of support from the community, particularly at stages 2 and 3 where requests for and presentations of new information play a key role in the learning experience.
Participants who post their questions and concerns in an online forum may in part seek to have these issues addressed by other more experienced members [58].
Facilitators or seasoned participants may play a key role in ensuring that this occurs.
通過制定協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育的背景下體驗式學習我們可能會發現，那些誰參加論壇的具體形式尋求社會的支持，特別是在2和第3階段在請求和介紹新的信息發揮關鍵作用，在學習的經驗。
與會者誰後的問題和關注在一個網上論壇，可能有部分尋求解決這些問題，由其他有經驗的成員 [58]。
調解人或經驗豐富的參與者可以發揮關鍵作用，確保發生這種情況。
In many online forums participants focus on sharing their experiences, which in turn becomes filtered and distilled within the community such that the experience becomes de facto "information" or "fact".
For example, someone may post a positive experience about taking a medication and be quite persuasive (intentionally or not) in suggesting that others will have the same successful outcome regardless of whether this is medically indicated or even possible.
Indicators of trustworthy or believable content found online have included credentials of the author (e.g., a medical degree) [59], among others [60].
However, as more information is shared amongst laypeople online, the accredited status of 'MD' (or other traditional source credentials) may become less important.
Individuals with a disease or condition are beginning to emerge as authoritative sources [61].
As more participants collaborate online, distinctions between a web site, its content, and other users becomes less defined.
With this blurring, credibility indicators will likely shift as well.
Those who are reading online content need to both determine the credibility of the message and its applicability to their own circumstances.
Some may be unduly influenced or give credence to experiences shared anecdotally over more scientifically acceptable forms of information, due in part to the perceived credibility of the person posting the message.
As the patient-patient dyad in an online context becomes more popular, credibility may become an important issue in relation to decision making in the offline world (e.g., between patient and physician).
在許多網上論壇的參與者專注於分享他們的經驗，從而成為過濾和蒸餾等社區內的經驗變成事實上的“信息”或“事實”。
例如，有人可能會發表了積極的經驗和有關服用藥物是非常有說服力的（有意或無意）的建議，其他人也會有同樣成功的結果無論是醫學上表示，甚至有可能。
值得信賴的指標或可信的內容包括在網上找到了作者的憑據（例如，一個醫學學位）[59]等人[60]。
然而，隨著越來越多的教友之間信息共享上網，認可地位的“MD”（或其他傳統的來源憑證）可能變得不那麼重要。
個人與疾病或情況已開始出現的權威來源 [61]。
隨著越來越多的參與者協作網絡，網站之間的區別，它的內容，和其他用戶變得不那麼確定。
有了這個模糊，信譽指標將有可能轉變為好。
誰是網上閱讀這些內容需要雙方確定的信譽信息，其適用於自己的情況。
有些可能是不必要的影響或輕信經驗共享閒談形式接受了更加科學的信息，部分原因是感知信譽的人發布的消息。
由於患者住院矢在網上環境越來越流行，信譽可能成為一個重要問題，關係到決策在離線世界（例如，病人和醫生之間）。
A key step will be to test this model empirically.
A number of research designs lend themselves to this task.
For example, in depth qualitative interviews would be an important first step to understand whether the model, and it's proposed stages, can be applied to the context and experiences of these users – i.e., does the Kolb model map onto this learning context, and if not, where are the divergences?
For example, did a diagnosis create an information need (Stage 1)?
If so, did the patient explore an online community or other sources of information?
If an online environment was used to meet these needs (Stages 2 and 3) then in what ways and to what extent?
Similarly, focus groups with assorted types of participants in these communities (new, experienced, etc.) could elucidate group processes.
Various participant-observation and/or ethnographic approaches, including analysis of postings, could provide a clear sense of these processes in situ.
Finally, to understand the actual impact of these processes on important health (and other) outcomes, studies employing longitudinal methods would be an important second step in a proposed research agenda.
For example, participants would be asked to what extent and how the information obtained from others online was useful or influential, and, conversely, whether decisions made using these processes were later regretted (Stage 4).
The findings of these types of research could have important implications for those who design and support such environments, and also for our understanding of processes of learning in new media environments more generally.
一個關鍵的步驟將是檢驗這一模型的實證。
一個數字的研究設計提供參與這一任務。
例如，在深入定性訪談將是一個重要的第一步，了解有無模型，它提出的階段，可以應用到的背景和經驗，這些用戶 - 即，是否科爾布模型映射到這個學習環境，如果不，這裡是分歧？
例如，做了診斷需要建立一個信息（第一階段）？如果是這樣，做了耐心探索網上社區或其他來源的信息？
如果一個網絡環境是用來滿足這些需要（階段 2和3），那麼什麼樣的方式和到什麼程度？
同樣，焦點小組與各類類型的參與者在這些社區（新，經驗豐富，等等）可以闡明組進程。
各參與觀察和/或人種學的方法，包括分析的帖子，可以提供一個清晰的感覺到這些過程的原位。
最後，要了解實際影響這些過程的重要健康（和其他）的結果，採用縱向研究方法將是一個重要的第二步中提出的研究議程。
例如，參與者將被要求到什麼程度，如何從別人獲得的信息網絡是有益的或有影響的，相反，作出的決定是否使用這些方法後來後悔（階段 4）。
這一發現對這些類型的研究可能有重要影響的那些誰設計和支持這樣的環境，也為我們理解學習過程中的新媒體環境更普遍。
Understanding at what stages an individual requires information could provide important insight into both individual outcomes, as well as sustaining the community.
For example, if it is understood that most new learners require a period of time in which they prefer to only read messages online before actively participating, this could be outlined in the instructions for participation.
Of equal importance will be examining disruptive behaviour within the model.
Disruptive behaviours in traditional collaborative web-based environments such as forums and lists include spam (unsolicited messages), flaming (messages that attack others), baiting (an inside joke in which participants are solicited to post responses that are humorous to others) and trolling (messages that contain false responses to an inquiry, generally to provoke an argument) [9].
Blogs can also be subjected to these types of behaviours through the comment section, while in applications such as wikis, malicious altering of content is also a concern [16].
Research directions in this area include investigations about how disruptive behaviour in online communities might affect an individual's search for health information and what mitigation and management techniques for dealing with this are most effective and appropriate in collaborative web-based patient education communities.
了解一個人處於什麼階段需要的信息可以提供重要的洞察既有個人的成果，以及維持社會。
例如，如果據了解，大多數的新學員需要一段時間中，他們更喜歡網上只能讀取郵件之前積極參與，這可能是概述說明參加。
同樣重要的將是破壞性行為研究模型中。
破壞性行為在傳統的協作網絡為基礎的環境，如論壇，並列出包括垃圾郵件（不請自來的郵件），燃燒（消息攻擊他人），引誘（一個內部笑話，其中參與者徵求張貼回應是幽默給他人）和曳（含有虛假消息的反應進行調查，一般要挑起爭論）[9]。
博客也受到這些類型的行為，通過註釋部分，而在應用，如維基，惡意修改的內容也值得關注[16]。
在這方面的研究方向包括調查有關如何在網絡社區破壞性行為可能會影響個人的健康信息和尋找什麼緩解和管理技術，為處理這是最有效和最適當的協作網絡為基礎的社區患者教育。
Another avenue of future research is to explore potential clinical applications of experiential patient engagement and learning in online environments.
Individual stories that are propagated using collaborative applications through popularity ratings may promote learning but may also effectively submerge information that has in fact been verified by formal research.
By tracing the online spread of such ideas via network analysis, models of online information flow in collaborative Web applications could be developed.
今後研究的另一個途徑是探討潛在的臨床應用經驗的病人接觸和學習網絡環境。
個人故事，傳播使用協作應用程序通過民望可能促進學習，但也可能有效地淹沒的信息實際上已經驗證了正式研究。
通過跟踪網上傳播這樣的想法通過網絡分析，模型的網上信息流的協作 Web應用程序能夠得到發展。
Sharing experiential information through blogs and other mechanisms as compared to other methods of conveying information online may change the way information is acquired, perceived, and internalized.
In addition, investigations that compare these approaches to other forms of information exchange, including in-person support groups, and more self-directed, non-social approaches to information-seeking and learning are required.
This is a rich area for research that has yet to be well-explored.
經驗共享信息，通過博客和其他機制，相對於其他方法傳遞信息網上可能會改變信息的方式獲取，感知和內化。
此外，調查的比較這些方法的其他形式的信息交流，包括在人的支持團體，更自主，非社會的方法來尋找信息和學習是必需的。
這是一個富人區的研究，還有待精心探索。
Also of interest is the evolving nature of credibility and the way it is depicted, understood and accepted as more laypeople become recognized as experts and opinion leaders in online environments.
More research will need to be conducted in order to understand this evolving concept.
In this area, quantitative and visual methods such as social network analysis offer tools for analyzing the social nature of learning.
Such analyses may be strengthened through the use of now-ubiquitous Web features in which users rate or comment on each other's content.
Feedback to commonly seen questions such as, "Was this review helpful to you?" can provide proxy measures for assessing the impact of individuals within a collaborative learning environment.
另外的興趣是不斷變化的性質和方式的可信性是描述，理解和接受更多的教友成為公認的專家和意見領袖在網絡環境中。
更多的研究需要進行，以了解這個不斷發展的概念。
在這方面，定量和視覺的方法，如社會網絡分析提供工具分析社會性的學習。
這種分析可能得到加強，通過利用現在已經無處不在的網絡功能，讓使用者率或評論彼此的內容。
意見反饋常見問題，如“該點評有幫助嗎？”可以提供代理措施的影響評估個人在協作學習環境。
The face of health care on the Internet is changing.
Just as we begin to research how new technologies are being used by health-interested web users, they change and impact the frame of reference.
Recently, large scale web-based personal health record repositories have been implemented by Google (Google Health) and Microsoft (Vault).
It remains to be seen whether or not these initiatives will eventually supersede many of the smaller, community or hospital-based projects that currently support peer to peer exchange of information.
However, it is important to understand user needs and behaviour when implementing any technology, including that which supports collaboration in web-based patient education.
而面對保健互聯網上正在發生變化。
正如我們開始研究如何利用新技術正在使用的健康感興趣的網絡用戶，他們的變化和影響的參照系。
近日，大型網絡為基礎的個人健康記錄資料庫已實施谷歌（Google衛生）和微軟（庫）。
這還有待觀察是否這些舉措最終將取代許多較小的，社區或醫院為基礎的項目，目前支持點對點的信息交流。
然而，重要的是要了解用戶的需求和行為時實施的任何技術，包括支持協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育。
Many theories exist that attempt to explain information seeking, and some have been applied to health-related scenarios.
However, few address this behaviour in relation to others that seek information or those who are specifically looking for peer experiences, guidance and support.
Since most (if not all) individuals searching for information about their health care condition are already motivated (as defined by actively seeking help) we propose, in contrast to models based on motivation, an online health information seeking model based on learning theory.
A key to understanding and supporting collaborative web-based patient education will involve examining environments that aid such information exchange using tools, technologies and approaches that assist these processes.
Knowledge about an individual's health condition that is constructed collaboratively through collective sharing of experiences can provide not only "information" but also support, and, a key for many health information seekers, care [62,63].
Given that these forms of collaboration may well influence the decision making process for patients, we need to consider ways to better enable and support the exchange of experiential and anecdotal information, and help patients differentiate the different kinds of information to which they may be exposed in these environments.
This is particularly important in a rapidly evolving technical environment, where we need to find ways to test whether new technologies actually help people, and if so, in which populations and in what ways.
We also need to be cautious and critical about the as yet untested benefits of these emerging technologies.
We must be mindful that contribution rates in these online environments remain low, with lurkers (those who read messages but do not contribute) continuing to significantly outnumber more active participants.
許多理論存在，試圖尋求解釋的信息，有些已應用於健康有關的情況。
然而，很少有解決這種行為與他人尋求信息或誰是專找同行的經驗，指導和支持。
由於大部分（如果不是全部）的個人搜索信息對他們的醫療條件已經動機（定義，積極尋求幫助）我們建議，在對比車型的基礎上的動機，尋求一個網上健康信息模型的基礎上學習理論。
一個關鍵的理解和支持協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育研究會涉及環境，援助等信息交換用的工具，技術和方法，協助這些進程。
知識有關個人的健康狀況是通過集體協作構建共享經驗，不僅可以提供“信息”，但也支持，而且，許多健康的一個重要的信息搜索者，護理 [62,63]。
鑑於這些形式的合作很可能影響到決策過程中的病人，我們需要考慮如何更好地啟用和支持交流經驗和傳聞的信息，幫助患者區分不同種類的信息，他們可能被暴露在這些環境。
這是特別重要的一個迅速發展的技術環境，在這裡我們需要找到方法來測試新技術是否真正幫助人們，如果是這樣，其中的人口以及以何種方式。
我們還需要謹慎和關鍵對尚未未經檢驗的利益，這些新興技術。
我們必須銘記的貢獻率在這些在線環境仍然很低，與潛伏者（那些誰讀消息，但沒有貢獻）繼續顯著多於更積極的參與者。
If collaboration is indeed an important element to patients' online health education experiences a key next step will be finding ways to understand and, ultimately, support experiential learning, and reinforce the capacity for individuals to learn in these environments by enabling their exposure to others with similar needs and experiences.
It is important to note that despite rhetoric about the democratization of information via the Internet, online interactions may simply reproduce existing power structures and may not, in fact, truly empower patients [64,65].
We propose that understanding each step of our proposed experiential health information processing model will help elucidate the interactions between users and other users, mediated by the technologies.
Delineation of the steps outlined in Table 1 can assist organizations and individuals working in the field of patient education. Additional research – perhaps following approaches taken to other complex and multi-faceted socio-technical (so-called "wicked") problems [66] – is urgently required.
如果合作的確是一個重要的因素對病人的在線健康教育經驗的關鍵下一步將是設法理解，並最終支持經驗學習，並加強能力為個人學習，這些環境以使他們能夠接觸到別人的類似的需求和經驗。
重要的是要注意的是，儘管言辭關於民主化的信息通過互聯網，在線互動可能只是複製現有的權力結構，可能沒有，其實，真正使患者[64,65]。
我們建議，了解每一步我們建議的體驗健康信息處理模型將有助於闡明用戶之間的相互作用和其他用戶，介導的技術。
劃定的步驟列於表1可以幫助組織和個人在外地打工的患者教育。進一步的研究 - 可能採取以下方法對其他複雜的和多方位的社會技術（即所謂的“惡人”）的問題[66] - 是迫切需要。
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LOG conceptualized and wrote the first draft of the paper.
HW added content throughout the paper, contributing most substantially to the sections on determinants of health information seeking behaviour, the role of new technologies in information seeking behaviour, the future directions and conclusions. NW wrote sections related to collaboration in web-based patient education component as well as the future directions and conclusion sections and contributed substantially to the content of the remaining sections.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
* Funding was provided by The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Health Care, Technology, and Place Research Training Program (HCTP), Knowledge Translation Branch, Institution of Health Services and Policy Research, and Institute of Gender and Health.
+ L. O'Grady was supported by a Post Doctoral Fellowship sponsored by the Ontario Women's Health Council (OWHC), The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and the Institute of Gender and Health (IHC).
± C.N. Wathen holds a CIHR-OWHC New Investigator Award.
競爭利益
作者聲明他們沒有利益衝突。
作者的貢獻
LOG概念化和寫了第一稿的紙張。
硬件添加整個文件的內容，最顯著貢獻的部分就決定尋求健康信息的行為，作用的新技術，尋求信息的行為，今後的方向和結論。 NW寫部分相關協作網絡為基礎的耐心教育組成部分，以及未來的方向和結論，並作出了重大貢獻的部分內容，其餘部分。
所有作者讀通過了最後的手稿。
致謝
*經費是由加拿大衛生研究院的研究（CIHR），醫療保健，科技，並將其放在研究培訓計劃（HCTP），知識翻譯科，衛生服務機構和政策研究，研究所性別與健康。
+ L奧格雷迪是由一名博士後聯誼會主辦的安大略省婦女健康局（OWHC），加拿大衛生研究院的研究（CIHR），以及性別與健康研究所（IHC）。
± C.N. Wathen持有CIHR- OWHC新研究者獎。
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