Source: MEDICAL INFORMATICS AND THE INTERNET IN MEDICINE Volume: 32 Issue: 4 Pages: 251-261 Published: DEC 2007
Times Cited: 4 References: 60 Citation Map
Abstract: Although health information is readily available on the Internet and has changed the way people deal with their health in many ways, the retrieval of relevant information remains problematic, especially for elderly people. With a focus on elderly people, this paper summarizes current trends in consumer health informatics, discusses past and present intiatives providing health-information services, and proposes a future strategy for the design of sustainable services. A systematic literature review and a review of past German and EU projects concerned with health information services for elderly people are given. Many publications focus on health information services for specific diseases and on their quality and semantic accessibility, yet few deal with presenting and customizing health information for elderly and disabled people. Past experiences from Germany suggest that very often the specific needs of this target group are not met, and therefore accessibility remains largely hypothetical. We propose a strategy with five key points for the design of sustainable health-information services for elderly people. More research is needed to customize web-based health information services to the needs of the user group that needs them most urgently-elderly and disabled people.
儘管衛生信息，隨時可在因特網上，並改變了人們處理他們的健康在許多方面，檢索相關信息仍然是個問題，尤其適用於老年人。重點在老人，本文總結了當前的趨勢，消費者的健康信息，探討過去和現在 intiatives提供衛生信息服務，並提出了未來戰略的設計可持續的服務。有系統的文獻回顧和檢討過去的德國和歐盟的項目涉及衛生信息服務的老人給予。許多出版物集中在衛生信息服務的特定疾病，其質量和語義可及性，但很少提出處理信息和定制健康老人和殘疾人。從以往的經驗表明，很多時候德國的具體需要這一目標的群體是沒有達到，因此在很大程度上無障礙假設。我們提出了一個戰略，5個關鍵點的設計可持續的健康信息服務的老人。需要更多的研究來定制網絡為基礎的衛生信息服務的需求的用戶組，他們最迫切需要的長者及殘疾人士。
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Author Keywords: elderly people; health information services; consumer health informatics; telematics; telemedicine
KeyWords Plus: WORLD-WIDE-WEB; MEDICO-LEGAL MODEL; BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS; OLDER-ADULTS; EDUCATION SYSTEM; BREAST-CANCER; INTERNET; QUALITY; SUSTAINABILITY; INSTRUMENTS
Reprint Address: Marschollek, M (reprint author), Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Med Informat, Muehlenpfordstr 23, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
Addresses:
1. Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Med Informat, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
2. Charite Univ Med Berlin, Res Grp Geriatr, Evangel Geriatriezentrum, Berlin, Germany
E-mail Addresses: m.marschollek@mi.tu-bs.de
Publisher: TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND
Subject Category: Computer Science, Information Systems; Health Care Sciences & Services; Medical Informatics
IDS Number: 256QD
ISSN: 1463-9238
DOI: 10.1080/14639230701692736
1. Introduction
The availability of information and communication technologies and information services has revolutionized our lives in many aspects and has affected many different areas of life.
Health as one fundamental topic of universal interest is no exception.
Health-information websites on the Internet such as MedlinePlus are accessed by millions of people: MedlinePlus reported 215 million page views and 24.2 million unique visitors just in the second quarter of the year 2006 [1].
Many persons gather extensive information about diseases as well as diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures and alternatives before or in addition to consulting a physician [2].
In 2004, the SeniorNet organization conducted a survey on its members’ interests when using the Internet and reported that ‘searching for health information’ (37%) is only seconded by ‘sending emails or photos’ [3].
該供應信息和通信技術和信息服務在我們的生活發生了革命性的許多方面，並已影響到許多不同領域的生活。
健康作為一項基本議題的普遍興趣也不例外。
衛生信息網站在互聯網上，如一個存放被訪問數以百萬計的人：一個存放報導頁面瀏覽量 2.15億和24.2萬獨立訪客只是在第二季度的2006年[1]。
許多人收集的大量信息，以及對疾病的診斷和
治療前的程序和辦法或除了諮詢醫師 [2]。
2004年，SeniorNet組織進行的一項調查其成員的利益時，使用互聯網，並報告說'尋找健康信息'（37％）是唯一由借調'發送電子郵件或照片'[3]。
Along with the obvious advantages of the availability of extensive health information on the Internet come the inherent drawbacks and problems:
1.Quality of information: The majority of health information resources on the Internet are not run professionally and do not contain materials peer-reviewed by independent health professionals.
Though most offers are certainly well meant and informative, several cases of misleading or severely biased information have been reported [4 – 6].
Different initiatives have been started to ensure the quality of health-related electronic sources [7].
One prominent example is the Health On the Net (HON) foundation (http://www.hon.ch)
which introduced the HONcode, a code of conduct that defines a set of rules to be abided by developers of websites with health-related content.
The code has been followed for more than 120,000 websites (as of April 2006 [8]).
In Germany, many health websites are Afgis-certified (aktionsforum gesundheitsinformationssystem e.V., http://www.logo.afgis.de), providing additional data about the source of information, aims, authors, etc.
2. Information overload and retrieval problems: As there is an abundance as well as a rapid change in health information on the Internet [9], it becomes difficult first to find the
relevant information and second to interpret and understand it.
This holds true especially for people who are not familiar with different search strategies.
3. Unconsidered consumer needs: Health information services are accessed by groups of different characteristics as far as age, education, and informational needs are concerned.
Many services do not consider these differences and lack psychologically elaborated and target-group-oriented offers of information [10].
4. The access problem: There are still people who either do not have access to IT-based healthinformation resources or do not know how to use them.
Although, for example, in Germany 68.6% of the households own a PC and 54.6% of all households have access to the Internet, despite numerous efforts for many elderly people, the ‘digital barrier’ remains [11].
In the first quarter of 2005, 27% of people aged 55 or older have accessed the
Internet [12].
The older people are, the less likely they are to use the Internet [13,14], despite the growing demand for health-information services.
伴隨著明顯的優勢，提供廣泛的健康信息在互聯網上出現固有的缺點和問題：
一，質量信息：大部分衛生信息資源在互聯網上是無法運行的專業，不包含材料同行審查由獨立的衛生專業人員。
雖然大多數優惠肯定善意和知識性，幾起案件或嚴重偏見的誤導信息的報導 [4 - 6]。
不同的舉措已經開始，以確保質量與健康有關的電子來源 [7]。
一個突出的例子是在網絡上的健康（漢）基礎（http://www.hon.ch）
其中介紹了HONcode認證，一個行為準則，它定義一組規則得到遵守發展商的網站與健康相關的內容。
該代碼一直沿用超過 12萬網站（截至2006年4月[8]）。
在德國，許多健康網站 Afgis認證（aktionsforum gesundheitsinformationssystem電子伏特，http://www.logo.afgis.de），提供額外的數據信息的來源，目的，作者等
2。信息超載和檢索問題：由於是豐富以及快速變化的健康信息在互聯網上[9]，它變得困難首先找到
有關資料，二來解釋和理解。
這也是如此，尤其是人誰不熟悉的不同的搜索策略。
3。未被考慮消費者的需求：衛生信息服務進行訪問的群體不同特點，在年齡，教育和信息需求的關注。
許多服務不認為這些分歧和缺乏心理上的闡述和目標群為導向提供信息[10]。
4。訪問問題：誰還有人既沒有機會接觸資訊科技為基礎的healthinformation資源或不知道如何使用它們。
雖然，例如，在德國 68.6％的家庭擁有個人電腦和54.6％的家庭已經上網，儘管多次努力，對許多老人，'數字障礙的遺體 [11]。
在2005年第一季度，27％的人已年滿 55歲或以上的訪問
互聯網 [12]。
年長的人，越有可能是他們使用互聯網 [13,14]，儘管不斷增長的需求對衛生信息服務。
The aims of the research presented in this paper—with a focus on elderly people—are:
1. to summarize current trends in consumer health informatics (section 3.1);
2. to show—by means of presenting exemplary initiatives and projects from Germany—a
critical survey of past activities in using ICT for health-information services (section 3.2);
3. to present an example of a German health-information portal (section 3.3); and
4. to discuss the results and give a prospect of and propose a strategy for future developments in geriatric health-information services (section 4).
該研究的目標，本文提出，重點在長者人是：
1。總結目前的趨勢，消費者的健康信息學（第3.1）;
2。顯示由手段提出的倡議和示範項目，從德國 1
關鍵的調查活動中利用信息通信技術來為衛生信息服務（第3.2）;
3。提出一個例子，一個德國醫療信息門戶（第3.3）;及
4。討論的結果，並給予展望，並提出今後發展的戰略中老年保健信息服務（第4條）。
2. Methods
In section 3.1, a systematic literature review of articles related to consumer health informatics for elderly people is conducted.
The basis of this review is, first, a literature review of peerreviewed and PubMed-listed medical informatics and medical journals conducted in the context of the investigations for the section ‘education and consumer health informatics’ of the International Medical Informatics Association’s (IMIA) Yearbook of Medical Informatics for the years 2005 – 2007 [15 – 17], thus including papers published between 1 April 2003 and 31July 2006.
The papers found in the search were reviewed for their significance for healthinformation
services for elderly people.
The review process for the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics and the evaluation criteria used are described in detail elsewhere [18,19].
Second, an additional systematic literature search was done in PubMed/Medline on 14 September 2006 for the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 July 2006 using the search term ((‘consumer’ OR ‘health’) AND ‘informatics’) OR ‘Internet’ OR ‘website’ OR ‘portal’ OR ‘web’) AND ((‘health’ OR ‘medical’) AND (‘information’ OR ‘resource’)) AND (‘elderly’ OR ‘senior’ OR ‘age’ OR ‘older’).
Thus, altogether, 706 papers were found and their abstracts subsequently reviewed and summarized.
Complying with rules for good scientific practice (e.g. [20]), all literature review data recorded by the authors as the basis for this publication have been stored.
Copies of the files can be requested from the authors.
In section 3.2, we provide examples from our own experiences with IT-based halthinformation services and telemedicine projects in Germany, and in section 3.3, we present an example of a German health-information portal for elderly people.
2。方法
在第3.1節，有系統的文獻回顧的文章涉及消費者健康信息為老人進行。
依據這項檢討是，第一，文學審查 peerreviewed和PubMed上市的醫療信息和醫學期刊進行上下文的調查為部分教育和消費者的健康信息'國際醫學信息協會（伊米亞）年鑑醫學信息學 252米Marschollek等。年2005 - 2007 [15 - 17]，從而包括論文發表的2003年四月一日至31July 2006。
這些論文，發現在搜索進行了審查其意義 healthinformation
為老人服務。
審查進程的伊米亞醫學年鑑
信息學和所用的評價標準中作了詳細介紹 [18,19]。二，
另外系統的文獻檢索做醫學 / Medline 9月14日
2006年期間從 2000年1月至2006年7月31日使用搜索詞（（'消費者'
或'健康'）和'信息'）或'互聯網'或'網站'或'門戶'或'網'）和
（（'健康'或'醫生'）和（'信息'或'資源'））和（'老人'或'高級'或
'時代'或'老'）。因此，總共有706份文件後發現及其摘要
回顧和總結。遵守規則，好的科學的做法（如[20]），所有
文獻資料記錄了作者作為依據本刊物已
儲存。這些文件的副本可從作者的要求。
在3.2節中，我們提供的例子從我們自己的經驗與資訊科技為基礎的healthinformation
服務和遠程醫療項目在德國，在第3.3節，我們提出了一個
例如一個德國醫療信息門戶的老人。
3. Health-information services for elderly people
3.1. Current trends in consumer health informatics for elderly people
In the 1990s, a trend towards research in education and information systems for health
professionals could be observed.
The focus now seems to have shifted towards work that aims to provide systems for conveying high-quality health-information and educative materials to consumers or patients, respectively, in order to empower them to make informed decisions and to deal more actively with their health, e.g. by taking preventive measures and changing their lifestyle.
Very often, specific health conditions or diseases are addressed, e.g. genetic diseases [21,22], prostate cancer [23], asthma [24], or diabetes [25], some of which have a high prevalence in—though are not exclusive to—elderly people.
Liu et al. present a pharmaceutical education system for patients that accounts for the patient’s individual informational needs by making use of personal information taken from a hospital information system and by tailoring the information given to the patient accordingly [26].
3。衛生信息服務的老人
3.1。目前的趨勢，消費者的健康信息學的老人
在20世紀 90年代，這一趨勢對教育研究和信息系統的健康
專業人士可以觀察到。
現在的重點似乎已經轉向工作，其目的是提供系統輸送高質量的衛生信息和教育材料，以消費者或患者，分別以使他們能夠作出明智的決定，並更積極地處理與他們的健康，例如：通過採取預防措施，改變他們的生活方式。
很多時候，具體的健康狀況或疾病得到解決，例如：遺傳性疾病[21,22]，前列腺癌[23]，哮喘[24]，或糖尿病[25]，其中一些具有較高的患病率，但並不排斥到老人。
劉等人。目前的教育體系製藥病人佔病人的個人信息需要通過利用個人信息取自醫院信息系統和信息剪裁的病人給予相應 [26]。
A considerable amount of research work has recently been done on criteria and methods to assess the quality and usability of health-related websites—e.g. [27 – 29]—and in a large number of articles, the results, when searching for specific diseases or conditions, are presented and evaluated [30 – 33].
The problem of how relevant health information can be found by laypersons—e.g. by matching consumer queries with controlled vocabularies [34 –36] or by providing assistance in query formulation [37]—is also the focus of some research
groups.
Proactive services are emerging, e.g. in the shape of automated email or phone
messages [38,39].
有相當數量的研究工作最近已完成的標準和方法，評估的質量和可用性與健康有關的網站，例如： [27 - 29]，並在大量的文章，結果，在尋找特定疾病或情況，是介紹和評價 [30 - 33]。
問題是如何相關的健康信息可以找到居士，如：消費者的查詢相匹配的受控詞表[34 -36]或在查詢的制定提供援助[37]，也是一些研究重點
組。
主動服務不斷湧現，例如在形狀自動發送的電子郵件或電話
Another major trend is the emergence of specialized [21] or general health-information
portals.
The most prominent example certainly is the MedlinePlus website by the National
Library of Medicine [40].
It also features a portal especially designed for elderly people, NIHSeniorHealth (http://www.nihseniorhealth.org) which had 1.8 million page-views from 125,000 unique visitors in August 2006 (personal contact: R. Tyler, US National Library of
Medicine).
另一個主要趨勢是出現了專門的[21]或一般健康信息
門戶網站。
最突出的例子當然是一個存放網站由全國
醫學圖書館 [40]。
它還具有一個門戶網站是專為老年人，NIHSeniorHealth（http://www.nihseniorhealth.org），其中有180萬頁的意見，從 125,000獨立訪客 2006年8月（個人聯繫方式：河泰勒，美國國家圖書館
醫學）。
Pervasive and ubiquitous health services is another field of intensive research activity [41],
though the current developments are aimed mainly at gathering information about an
individual (monitoring) and subsequently transferring the original or processed information
to health professionals.
Little research work is being done on interactive user interfaces for the persons concerned—e.g. [42,43]—much less on specific pervasive interfaces for elderly
people.
無孔不入，無處不在的衛生服務是另一個領域的深入研究活動 [41]
雖然目前的事態發展的目的主要是收集信息1
個人（監察），隨後轉移的原件或處理的信息
衛生專業人員。
小的研究工作正在開展交互式用戶界面的有關人士，例如[42,43]，更具體的普遍接口的老人。
The following conclusions can be drawn from the referenced work:
. A considerable amount of research work is done on health-information services for specific diseases, though few original papers deal with health-information services for elderly people.
. The quality and semantic accessibility of website content is a major issue and is addressed by several prominent research groups.
Little work is being done on interface design for elderly people or those with functional impairments.
. There is little research on the implications of ICT-based health-information services and communication on the relationship between patients and health professionals, e.g. [44], where the authors report positive attitudes towards Web-based communication but also technological limitations in practice.
. Proactive systems aiming to motivate healthy behaviour are emerging, though primary
prevention does not seem to be a major issue yet.
At present, pervasive and ubiquitous systems are mainly used in health care for monitoring purposes, not as informationbrokerage tools.
下面可以得出結論從被引用的工作：
。有相當數量的研究工作已經完成對衛生信息服務的特定疾病，雖然一些原始文件處理與衛生信息服務的老人。
。無障礙的質量和語義內容的網站是一個主要問題，是解決一些突出的研究小組。
小的工作正在做的界面設計為老年人或那些與功能障礙。
。很少有研究的影響的信息和通信技術為基礎的衛生信息服務和溝通之間的關係，患者和衛生專業人員，如： [44]，其中提交報告的積極態度對基於網絡通訊技術的限制，而且在實踐中。
。積極主動的系統，以推動健康行為正在出現，雖然主要
預防似乎沒有成為一個大問題呢。
目前，普遍的，無所不在的系統，主要用於衛生保健監測目的，而不是信息經紀工具。
3.2. Past initiatives in Germany
Following the fast-paced progress of ICT for home consumers in the 1990s, there were
intensive endeavours to allow elderly people to participate in this development.
Three motives for this can be identified: first, industry was interested in opening up new markets; second, new ICT was to be used to convey knowledge and information and to empower elderly people to enhance their communication; and third, there was the political intention not to ignore but to include older persons in the technological development in order to prevent social isolation and the consolidation of a ‘digital divide’.
In Germany, associations were set up—e.g. ‘Seniors in the knowledge society e.V.’ (1998 – 2001)—with the aims of promoting media competence, minimizing barriers for seniors to access products and services of the ICT economy, and developing strategies that allow them to inform themselves about and selectively use new technologies.
This resulted in quite a few national initiatives and associations which trained elderly people in the use of computers and provided a forum for those interested in new
technologies [45,46].
While the German initiatives were directed primarily to reduce the barriers for seniors to use ICT, European support programmes within the Fourth Research and Technological Development (RTD) Framework Programme (FP4) aimed to facilitate the access for disabled and chronically ill elderly people [47,48].
Most of these projects, however, failed to demonstrate a lasting telematics-based integration of the target group.
Among the 224 projects within the Fifth Framework Programme (FP5) with the support agenda ‘The Ageing Population and disabilities’ (1998 – 2002), no project attended intensively to this topic.
FP6 at first did not have a support focus on the use of telematics for the elderly, though
at the end of 2005 the strategic objective ‘Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) for the Ageing
Society’ was issued ‘to extend the time during which elderly people can live independently in their preferred environment with the support of ICTs’ [49].
3.2。過去在德國的倡議
隨著快節奏的信息和通信技術的進步為家庭消費者在20世紀 90年代，有
密集的努力，讓老人參與這方面的發展。
這三種動機可以查明：第一，行業有興趣開拓新市場;第二，新的信息和通信技術是用來傳遞知識和信息，並授權老人加強溝通;第三，有政治意圖不要忽視，而是包括老年人在科技發展，以防止社會隔離和鞏固一個'數字鴻溝'。
在德國，協會分別成立，無。 '老人在知識社會伏特'（1998 - 2001），旨在促進與媒體的能力，最大限度地減少障礙老年人獲得的產品和服務的信息和通信技術的經濟和發展戰略，讓他們了解並使用新的選擇性技術。
這導致不少國家倡議和協會培訓老人在使用電腦，並提供一個論壇，為有志於新
技術 [45,46]。
儘管德國的倡議主要是針對老年人的障礙減少使用信息和通信技術，歐洲的支持方案，在第四次的研究和技術發展（RTD）的框架計劃（FP4）旨在促進殘疾人獲得老人和慢性病患者[47， 48]。
大部分這些項目，但是，未能表現出持久的遠程信息處理為基礎的一體化的目標群體。
其中224第五框架內的項目方案（FP5）與支持議程'的人口老齡化和殘疾人'（1998 - 2002），沒有項目參加了深入討論這一議題。
第六框架起初沒有一個支持重點放在利用遠程信息處理老人，雖然
在2005年年底的戰略目標'環境輔助生活（AAL的）的老齡化
社會'發出'，延長期間，老人可獨立生活在他們喜歡的環境信息和通信技術的支持'[49]。
Whereas the majority of German projects were aimed at promoting general knowledge
transfer—partly for health related topics—in some projects video phones were installed in elderly peoples’ homes with the intention of improving communication facilities with service centres.
The first of these projects was the ‘Home Tele-Service Frankfurt’ in which a conventional TV set was used [50].
The ‘TeleReha’ project of the Geriatrics Research Group in Berlin expanded this approach by installing specialized ICT equipment at home with a touch-screen user interface that provided a connection to a professional gerontological service centre as well as a health-information service customized to elderly peoples’ needs [51,52].
In addition to this, the patients’ relatives were also included in the communication network (Figure 1).
The evaluation of the TeleReha study clearly proved the need for such a communication network but also revealed that customized interfaces for disabled people, individual support, and reasonable costs are vital factors for its usage and acceptance.
鑑於大多數德國項目旨在促進一般知識
轉移部分健康相關議題，在一些項目視頻電話安裝在老人的家中，意圖改善通訊設施與服務中心。
這些項目的第一個是'家庭遠程服務法蘭克福中一名普通的電視機是使用[50]。
在'TeleReha'項目的老年醫學研究小組在柏林擴大這種方法通過安裝專門的信息通信技術設備在國內具有觸摸屏用戶界面，提供一個連接到服務中心，老年醫學的專業以及衛生信息服務定制老人人民的需要[51,52]。
除了這個，病人的親屬，還包括在通信網絡（圖 1）。
該評價 TeleReha研究清楚證明了這樣一個需要溝通網絡，而且還透露，為殘疾人定制接口，個人支持和合理的成本是至關重要的因素，其使用和接受。
Attempts to establish ICT-based rehabilitation programmes for seniors with motor disabilities (e.g. following an apoplectic stroke) and their relatives on the basis of these experiences have so far been unsuccessful in Germany.
The reasons for this are manifold.
First of all, there is the German health-care system, with its lasting separation between ambulatory and stationary care.
Besides, economic reasons have to be mentioned, as the costly provision of service concept failed to be funded by individual licence fees yet, and funding by the social insurance system has not been an option because the preventive efficiency of these services so far remains to be proven.
Finally, the lack of adjustment of technology to the needs of the extremely heterogenous group of elderly people was—and
remains to this day—a major reason for the failures.
嘗試建立信息和通信技術為基礎的康復方案，老年人肢體殘疾（如中風中風後 1）和他們的親屬對這些經驗的基礎上迄今已成功在德國。
這個的原因是多方面的。
首先，有德國的醫療保健制度，其持久的分離與動態和固定的照顧。
另外，由於經濟原因，不可不提的，因為昂貴的提供服務的概念沒有得到應有的資助個別牌照費未定，資金由社會保險制度不是一項選擇，因為這些服務的效率，預防迄今仍是證明。
最後，缺乏技術調整的需要極異質組的老人是和
仍然是這一天，一個重要原因失敗。
While there are still no sustainable concepts to integrate seniors into individual care networks, the number of health-related Internet portals is rising.
The impact of these portals is substantial because of their dissemination, but their accessibility for the target group of elderly or disabled people often remains hypothetical.
User statistics of health-related websites neither necessarily reflect their use by the elderly nor allow conclusions on the users’ health status or social situation.
From the experience with outreach clinics’ utilization and own statistics data (cf. chapter 3.3) it can be assumed that a significant proportion of younger relatives look for specific health information in these portals, and not the elderly persons themselves.
On the basis of the experiences resulting from the ‘TeleReha’ project, in particular with the knowledge that the information service component was perceived to be very useful, a new German information service portal—‘Vitanet’—was set up [53].
雖然目前還沒有可持續的概念融入到個人的老人照顧網絡，這個數字與健康有關的互聯網門戶網站正在上升。
這些門戶網站的衝擊是巨大的，因為他們的傳播，但它們的可利用為目標的長者或殘疾人士往往是假設的。
用戶統計與健康有關的網站，他們也不一定能反映老年人使用的結論，也不讓使用者的健康狀況或社會狀況。
從經驗推廣衛生所的利用率和自己的統計數據（參見第3.3章）我們可以假設，一個顯著比例的年輕親人尋找具體的健康信息，這些門戶網站，而不是自己的長者。
在此基礎上產生的經驗，從'TeleReha'項目，特別是與知識，信息服務組件被認為是非常有益的，一個新的德國信息服務門戶 'Vitanet'，成立[53]。
3.3. Vitanet portal for elderly people
Vitanet [53] was launched in 2001 in collaboration with some of the authors of the Research Group on Geriatrics at Charite´ and is an example of a Web portal that on the one hand offers comprehensive information about a wide range of different health problems and disease conditions particularly common in the elderly population (e.g. arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, dementia or common metabolic diseases such as diabetes) and likewise for other
age-related questions concerning, for example, sexual problems or fitness to drive.
On the other hand, it contains practical advice for both the elderly people and their relatives for different home and outpatient-care problems (e.g. how to bed a patient with hemiparesis after
stroke correctly; see Figure 2).
They also can find information and professional advice about the benefits of the different types of health insurance, e.g. the coverage of the three care levels:
short- and long-term care, home care, and institutional care).
3.3。 Vitanet門戶老人
Vitanet [53] 2001年啟動了合作與一些作詞老年醫學研究小組在沙裡泰'，是一個例子，一個 Web門戶，一方面提供全面的信息範圍廣泛的不同的健康問題和疾病條件，特別是常見的老年人口（如動脈硬化，心髒病，老年癡呆症或常見的代謝疾病，如糖尿病），同樣為其他
與年齡有關的問題有關，例如，性問題或健身駕駛。
另一方面，它包含了實用的建議為老人和他們的親屬對不同家庭和門診護理問題（例如如何與偏癱病人床後
中風正確;見圖 2）。
他們還可以找到有關的資料和專業意見的利益不同類型的醫療保險，例如覆蓋面三個服務層次：
短期和長期護理，家庭護理和住院）。
