國立空中大學成人學習者電腦態度對學習障礙影響之研究

但對高
齡者而言，卻也是高齡者普遍認為最困難的部分，除了生理、心理、家庭
及電腦基本能力因外，發現還有英文能力不足、自學困難、經濟問題以及
電腦課程效果不佳等的障礙，視力衰退會降低高齡者網路學習的意願而形
成障礙。使用電腦進行網路學習，有時候帳號及密碼都記不住，可知記憶
力變弱對高齡者學習有極大影響。針對高齡學習者提供字體較大，畫面對
比清楚、搜索簡易的界面，會因此降低高齡學習者其使用意願（江佳倫，
2006）。

江佳倫(2006）。高齡者網路學習障礙及其因應策略之研究。國立中正大學
成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。

The Internet, E-Commerce and Older People: an Actor-Network Approach to Researching Reasons for Adoption and Use

Abstract
Many older people are discovering the Internet, and some are also making good use of electronic commerce and all that goes with it. Others, however, are not adopting these technologies. This paper questions why some older people adopt Internet technologies while others do not, and offers a research framework, based on actor-network theory, for investigating adoption of Internet technologies by older people. In this paper, innovation translation is used to illustrate how specific cases of adoption have occurred. Innovation translation presents a different view of innovation than the better known theory of innovation diffusion, but one that the authors argue is better suited for research in socio-technical situations like this.
Keywords
Electronic commerce, the Internet, older people ,innovation translation, actor-network theory

Introduction: Older People and the Internet
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) defines older people, for statistical purposes, as those who are fifty-five years of age and over. Figures from the ABS indicate that older people are taking up Internet technology at a rapid rate, but that their use of the Internet for electronic commerce (e-commerce) activities remains quite low, with older people forming just 1% of the total of adult Internet shoppers (ABS, 2000). Individual older people often have particular needs that differ from those of younger people, and it appears that use of the Internet may help with some of these. As people grow older they can become physically less mobile and could benefit if they were able to conduct more of their financial affairs, such as banking and bill paying, from home. In other words, e-commerce has something useful to offer them. The research literature (Williamson, Bow and Wale, 1996; Council on the Ageing, 2000b; Mitchell, 2000; Lloyd, 2001), however, and also data from an Older Person Focus Group in Melbourne (Council on the Ageing, 2000a), reveal significant barriers to the adoption of e-commerce by older people. This paper will outline a research approach, based on actor-network theory, for investigating the adoption of Internet technologies and e-commerce by older people.
E-commerce can be defined as the purchase and sale of information, products and services using any one of the thousands of computer networks that make up the Internet (Lawrence, Corbitt, Tidwell, Fisher and Lawrence, 1998). Typical e-commerce activities include on-line banking, purchase of goods, purchase of services such as insurance, arranging and paying for travel and accommodation, on-line share purchase, soliciting investment advice, and the use of automatic teller machines (ATM).
During the twelve months prior to February 2000 almost half of the adults in Australia connected to the Internet (ABS, 2000), but the highest Internet usage was, as could be expected, among younger adults. Of the older people, only 13% were Internet users, and this group was likely to access the Internet from home, suggesting that most older Australians are currently unlikely to be Internet shoppers.
Older people purchase computers for a variety of reasons. Lewis (2001) suggests that the main drivers when they are deciding whether or not to buy a computer are the on-line services of banking, e-mail and convenience shopping, but that when they actually get the computer their main use is for word processing, e-mail, Internet browsing and games.
簡介：老年人和互聯網
澳大利亞統計局（ABS）的定義老年人，為統計目的，因為這些誰是55年及以上的年齡。從 ABS的數字顯示，年紀較大的人從事互聯網技術的迅速發展，但他們使用互聯網的電子商務（電子商務）的活動仍然相當低，年齡較大的人形成只有1％的成年人總互聯網購物者（ABS的，2000年）。個別年紀較大的人經常有特殊的需要不同於那些年輕的人，似乎是利用因特網可以幫助其中一些。隨著人們年齡的增長，他們可以成為減少身體移動，並可能受益，如果他們能夠進行更多的金融事務，例如銀行和支付帳單，在家。換言之，電子商務為他們提供一些有用的東西。研究文獻（威廉姆森，弓和威爾，1996年;理事會關於老齡問題，2000年b;米切爾，2000年;勞合社，2001），然而，數據也由年齡大的人在墨爾本專題小組（理事會關於老齡化，2000年），揭示重大障礙，通過電子商務的老年人。本文將勾勒出研究方法的基礎上，演員，網絡理論，通過調查互聯網技術和電子商務的老年人。
電子商務可以被定義為購買和銷售信息，產品和服務的使用任何一處的成千上萬的計算機網絡構成的網絡（勞倫斯，科比特，蒂德韋爾，費舍爾和勞倫斯，1998年）。典型的電子商貿活動，包括網上銀行，購買的商品，購買服務，如保險，安排和支付旅行和住宿，網上購股，徵求投資建議，以及使用自動取款機（ATM）的。
在12個月的2000年2月之前，幾乎一半的成年人在澳洲連接到互聯網（ABS的，2000年），但最高的互聯網使用情況，可以預期，在年輕的成年人。在老年人中，只有13％的互聯網用戶，而這一群體有可能從家裡上網，這表明目前大多數老年澳大利亞人不太可能互聯網購物。
老年人購買電腦的各種原因。劉易斯（2001）建議的主要驅動力時，他們決定是否購買一台電腦是網上銀行服務，電子郵件和購物的便利，但實際上，當他們獲得計算機的主要用途是用於 Word處理，電子郵件，互聯網瀏覽和遊戲。

Older People and Their Needs
The US-based Spry Foundation (2000) sees the needs of older people revolving around four interrelated themes:
•
financial security,
•
physical health and well being,
•
mental health and social environment, and
•
engaging in intellectual endeavours.
Financial security is seen as particularly important by older people who, in retirement, need to be assured of adequate income to maintain their lifestyle. Many older people in Australia, as well as in Europe and North America, must arrange their own retirement finances and in doing so seek appropriate investment information (Cutler, 1997; Manchester, 1997).
The Australian Government has recently released a number of issues papers examining the older person’s ability to remain active and independent (Bishop, 2000). A key feature of these is an emphasis on communication technology, particularly the Internet, that enables older people to use e-mail to communicate with family and friends, to access information, and to engage in e-commerce activities such as bill paying, the purchase of goods and services, and electronic banking (Coulson, 2000; Fozard, Rietsma, Bouma and Graafmans, 2000). The low uptake of Internet shopping, mentioned above, may have some serious implications in future for government policies aimed at increasing the independence of disabled older people.
老年人和他們的需要
總部設在美國的Spry基金會（2000）認為老年人的需要圍繞四個相互關聯的主題：
•
金融安全，
•
身體健康和幸福，
•
心理健康和社會環境，
•
從事學術工作。
金融安全被視為特別重要的老人們誰，在退休時，要保證足夠的收入來維持他們的生活方式。許多老一輩的人在澳大利亞，以及在歐洲和北美，必須安排自己的退休資金和尋求這樣做適當的投資信息（卡特勒，1997年英國曼徹斯特，1997年）。
澳大利亞政府最近發布了一個數字的問題，老年人的研究論文的能力保持積極和獨立的（主教，2000年）。其中一個重要特點是側重於通信技術，特別是互聯網，它使老年人使用電子郵件與家人和朋友溝通，獲取信息，並進行電子商務活動，如帳單支付，該購買商品和服務，電子銀行（庫爾森，2000年; Fozard，Rietsma，鮑馬和Graafmans，2000年）。低攝取網上購物，如上所述，可能有一些嚴重的影響在未來政府的政策旨在提高殘疾人的獨立性老年人。

Barriers to the Use of Electronic Commerce by Older People
For those older people without their own computers, limited access to Internet technology through public libraries and community centres is seen as a problem. For those who have set up their own Internet facilities at home, capital costs, running costs and maintenance become important issues (Williamson, Bow et al, 1996; Council on the Ageing, 2000a; Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2000). Lloyd (2001) suggests that the costs associated with buying a computer and getting it on-line are an obstacle to almost 35% of the 55-plus age group. Knowing how to make use of the technology presents a problem and there is a need for appropriate training at various levels in both basic information technology and in information handling skills (Echt and Roger, 1998; Cody, Dunn, Hoppin and Wendt, 1999; Hollis-Sawyer and Sterns, 1999; Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2000). Many older people also have difficulty in searching for the information they require as some Web-sites contained complex information that is hard to understand.
Usability issues are seen as a potential barrier with the interface, information structures, and navigation being important contributors. Research reported by Noonan (2001) stresses the link between disability and aging, and Scott (2001) points out that the ‘self-service model’ of electronic banking and automated phone services cannot be expected to suit all users, particularly older ones. For those older people with visual or motor disabilities, the absence of interfaces and services that allow for these disabilities is a very significant barrier (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2000; Mitchell, 2000). Security and privacy are also important considerations, and Lloyd (2001) notes that older people are very concerned about these issues, particularly regarding credit card transactions. A similar response came from discussions with the Focus Group (Council on the Ageing, 2000a).
One way these barriers are being addressed is in the growth of seniors computer clubs. Describing her experiences in organising these clubs, Bosler (2001) notes that often, when older people arrive at a club, they confess that a son or daughter has just bought a new computer and given them the old one. They then add that said son or daughter was very busy and had no time to teach them to use it. Another reason that people join these clubs is that they have had some workplace experience with computers but want to learn to use a computer for their own purposes. When questioned on why they wanted to use computers, answers included: booking a holiday, buying/selling shares, genealogy, information on cancer drugs, paying bills and using e-mail (Lepa, 2002; Bosler, 2001). Many people said they wanted to be able to keep in touch with family and friends while some said they wanted to shop or research. Bosler tells of one older woman who bought a computer, with word processing software and e-mail access, specifically so she could write her memoirs.
障礙使用電子商務的老年人
對於那些年紀較大的人沒有自己的電腦，互聯網技術的機會有限，通過公共圖書館和社區中心被視為一個問題。對於那些已經建立了自己的互聯網設施在家裡，資本成本，運行成本和維護成為重要問題（威廉姆森，弓等，1996;會老齡化，2000年a，人權與平等機會委員會，2000）。勞埃德（2001）認為，相關的成本以購買一台電腦和得到它在網上幾乎是一個障礙，35％的55歲以上年齡組。知道如何利用該技術提出了一個問題，有必要進行適當的培訓，各級都基本信息技術和信息處理能力（埃赫特和Roger，1998;科迪，鄧恩，霍和溫特，1999;霍利斯，索耶和斯滕斯，1999年，人權與平等機會委員會，2000）。許多老年人也有困難，查找他們所需的資料如一些網絡站點中複雜的信息是很難理解的。
可用性問題被視為一個潛在的障礙與接口，信息結構和導航是重要貢獻者。努南的研究報告（2001）強調殘疾和老齡化之間的聯繫，和斯科特（2001）指出，自我服務模式對電子銀行和自動電話服務，不能指望以滿足所有用戶，特別是舊的。對於那些年紀較大的人有視力或肢體殘疾，缺席的接口和服務，讓這些殘疾人是一個非常重要的屏障（人權與平等機會委員會，2000年;米切爾，2000年）。安全和隱私也很重要的考慮因素，而勞合社（2001）指出，老人們非常關心這些問題，特別是關於信用卡交易。類似的反應是從討論與專題小組（理事會關於老齡化，2000年）。
這些障礙的方法之一是目前正在處理中老年人電腦的增長俱樂部。描述她的經歷在組織這些俱樂部，博斯勒（2001）指出，通常，當老人們到達一個俱樂部，他們坦白地說，一個兒子或女兒剛剛買了一台新電腦，同時也賦予了舊的。然後，他們補充說，兒子或女兒說是非常繁忙，沒有時間教他們使用它。另一個原因是這些人加入俱樂部的是，他們已經取得了一些工作經驗，電腦，但要學會用電腦為自己的目的。當被問及為什麼他們要使用電腦，答案包括：預訂度假，購買 /出售股票，家譜，抗癌藥物的資料，支付賬單和使用電子郵件（萊帕，2002年;博斯勒，2001年）。很多人說，他們希望能夠保持聯繫，而與家人和朋友說，他們希望一些商店或研究。博斯勒講述了一個老女人誰買了電腦，文字處理軟件和電子郵件訪問，特別是讓她可以寫她的回憶錄。

A Framework for Modelling Older People’s Adoption of the Internet
Many older people are quite innovative and entrepreneurial, and are prepared to consider the advantages offered by using e-commerce. Conversely, others are happy to continue to do things in the same way they always have and see no need to investigate use of this technology. How and why people differ in this way, and why some adopt some technologies and not others will be considered now. Rogers (1995 :11) defines an innovation as “... an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual …”, and we will argue that the adoption of e-commerce by an older person should be seen as an innovation and considered through the lens of innovation theory. The most widely accepted theory of how technological innovation takes place is provided by innovation diffusion (Rogers, 1995), but most of the research based on this model involves studies of large organisations like General Electric, Xerox Park and the British Navy, or societal groups such as bottle-fed babies, adopters of mobile phones and organic farmers (Rogers, 1995). This paper argues that another approach, that of innovation translation, has more to offer when considering details of the adoption of e-commerce by older people.
The innovation translation approach draws on the sociology of translations, more commonly known as actor-network theory (ANT). The core of this approach is translation (Law, 1992), which can be defined as: “... the means by which one entity gives a role to others.” (Singleton and Michael, 1993 :229). In considering how the adoption of e-commerce by older people occurs it is necessary to examine their interactions with a number of other people. It is also important not to ignore the influence of the many non-human actors that are involved, including computers, modems, Web browsers, Internet service providers, e-mail documents and Web pages. In trying to understand this adoption it is useful to see these interactions in terms of negotiations, not just between humans but also involving non-humans.
Actor-network theory (Callon, 1986; Law, 1992; Latour, 1996) attempts impartiality between all actors, whether human or non-human, and makes no distinction in approach between the social, the natural and the technological. Using an actor-network approach all the factors (both human and non-human) influencing e-commerce adoption are seen as actors, and the combination of all of these in terms of networks. It is a feature of actor-network theory that the extent of a network is determined by actors that are able to make their presence individually felt (Law, 1987) by other actors.
Research in technological innovation is often approached by focusing on the technical aspects of an innovation and treating ‘the social’ as the context in which its adoption takes place: assuming that outcomes of technological change can be attributed to the ‘technological’ rather than the ‘social’ (Grint and Woolgar, 1997). On the other hand social determinism holds that social categories can be used to explain change. It concentrates on investigation of social interactions, relegating the technology to context. Bromley (1997) argues that as long as ‘technology’ is seen as a distinct type of entity which is separate from ‘society’ the question will always need to be asked ‘does technology affect society or not?’ One answer to this question is that it does, but this leads us to the technological determinist position of viewing technology as autonomous and as having some essential attributes (Tatnall and Gilding, 1999) that act externally to society. The other answer: that it does not, means that technology must be neutral and that individual humans must assign it their own values and decide on their own account how to use it. This view is close to a social determinist position. Bromley maintains that neither answer provides a useful interpretation of how technological innovation operates, and argues against an either/or stance like this. He argues that we should abandon the idea that technology is separate from society.
Rather than recognising in advance the essences of humans and of social organisations and distinguishing their actions from the inanimate behaviour of technological and natural objects, ANT adopts an anti-essentialist position in which it rejects there being some difference in essence between humans and non-humans (Latour, 1986). To address the need to treat both human and non-human actors fairly and in the same way, ANT is based upon three principles: agnosticism, generalised symmetry and free association (Callon, 1986). The first of these, agnosticism, means that analytical impartiality is demanded towards all the actors involved in the project under consideration, whether they be human or non-human. Generalised symmetry offers to explain the conflicting viewpoints of different actors in the same terms by use of an abstract and neutral vocabulary that works the same way for human and non-human actors. Neither the social nor the technical elements in these ‘heterogeneous networks’ (Law, 1987) should then be given any special explanatory status. Finally, the principle of free association requires the elimination and abandonment of all a priori distinctions between the technological or natural, and the social (Callon, 1986; Singleton and Michael, 1993). As Callon (1986 :200) puts it: “The rule which we must respect is not to change registers when we move from the technical to the social aspects of the problem studied.”
Actor-network theory has been used to investigate the success of a number of technological innovations and, in particular, to describe a number of heroic failures, several of which are listed below. Grint and Woolgar (1997) have used ANT to explain the Luddite movement in England last century. McMaster et al. (1997) have applied it to the adoption of a particular approach to systems analysis by a local council in the UK, and Vidgen and McMaster (1996) to car parking systems. Latour has used innovation translation to describe the life and death of the revolutionary Parisian public transportation system known as Aramis (Latour, 1996). An innovation translation model has also been used in several studies of curriculum innovation including those of Nespor (1994), Gilding (1997), Bigum (1998b; 1998a), Busch (1997) and Tatnall (2000).
模型的框架老年人的通過互聯網
許多老一輩的人，極有創意和創業精神，並願意考慮提供的優勢利用電子商務。相反，另一些則樂意繼續做事情，他們總是以同樣的方式，看看有沒有必要使用這種技術的探討。如何以及為什麼不同的人以這種方式，以及為什麼一些採取一些技術，而不是其他人將被立即考慮。羅傑斯（1995：11）定義了一個創新為“...一個想法，做法，或對象被視為新的由個人 ...“，我們會認為，通過電子商務年齡大的人應該被看作是一個創新，並審議通過鏡頭的創新理論。最廣泛接受的理論是如何發生的技術創新提供了創新擴散（羅傑斯，1995），但大多數研究的基礎上研究了該模型涉及大型企業如通用電氣，施樂公園和英國海軍，或社會團體如用奶瓶餵養的嬰兒，採用了移動電話和有機農民（羅傑斯，1995）。本文認為，另一種方法，創新的翻譯，可提供更多的細節時，考慮通過電子商務的老年人。
創新的翻譯方法借鑒了社會學的翻譯，通常稱為行動者網絡理論（ANT）的。這種方法的核心是翻譯（法律，1992年），它可以被定義為：“...的手段，一個實體的作用，給出了一個人。“（辛格爾頓和邁克爾，1993：229）。在考慮如何通過電子商務老年人發生，有必要重新審視自己的互動與一些其他人。同樣重要的是不能忽視的影響的許多非人類的行為者參與，包括計算機，調製解調器，Web瀏覽器，互聯網服務提供商，電子郵件文件和網頁。在試圖理解這一點通過它是有用的，看看這些相互作用在以下方面的談判，不只是人與人之間，也涉及非人類。
演員網絡理論（卡倫，1986年，法律，1992年;拉圖爾，1996年）的所有行動者之間的公正性的企圖，無論是人類還是非人類，並且完全沒有區別的方法之間的社會，自然和技術。使用一個演員網的做法的所有因素（包括人類和非人類）影響電子商務的通過被認為是行為主體，結合所有這些方面的網絡。它是一種功能的演員網絡理論，對網絡的程度取決於行為者能夠單獨地感受到他們的存在使（法律，1987年）由其他演員。
研究技術創新，往往側重於接觸的技術方面的創新和治療'社會'的背景，是其通過發生：假設技術變化的結果可以歸因於'技術'而不是'社會'（格林特和伍爾加，1997年）。另一方面社會決定論認為，社會類別可以用來解釋的變化。它集中於調查的社會互動，走入的技術背景。布羅姆利（1997）認為，只要'技術'被看作是一個獨特類型的實體，是分開的'社會'的問題將始終需要問'不影響社會的技術或不呢？'一個回答這個問題可以，但是這使我們的技術決定論的立場看科技的自主性，具有一些基本屬性（塔特納爾和燙金，1999年）該行為外部社會。其他答案：它並不意味著技術必須是中立的，個別人必須把它自己的價值觀，決定他們自己的帳戶如何使用它。這種看法是接近的社會決定論的立場。布羅姆利認為沒有答案提供了有益的解釋是如何運作的技術創新，並認為對一個非此即彼/或類似的立場。他認為，我們應該放棄這個想法，技術是獨立於社會。
而不是承認在人類進步的本質和社會組織和鑑別他們的行動沒有生命的行為，從技術和自然物體，螞蟻採用反本質主義的立場，其中一些被拒絕有本質的區別人類與非人類（拉圖爾，1986年）。為了解決需要治療人類和非人類演員公平和以同樣的方式，螞蟻是基於三項原則：不可知論，廣義對稱性和自由協會（卡倫，1986年）。在第一項，不可知論，這意味著分析的公正性要求對所有的參與者參與該項目正在考慮中，無論是人類還是非人類。廣義對稱性提供解釋的矛盾觀點的不同行為者在同等條件的使用抽象和中立的詞彙，以同樣的方式對人類和非人類的角色。無論是社會，也不是技術要素在這些'異構網絡的（法律，1987年），應給予任何特殊說明的地位。最後，結社自由的原則，需要消除和放棄所有先天的技術之間的區別或自然，社會（卡倫，1986;辛格爾頓和邁克爾，1993年）。由於卡倫（1986：200）所說的那樣：“我們必須尊重規則，是不是要改變選民登記冊時，我們從技術到社會的各方面問題的研究。”
演員網絡理論已被用於研究成功數字技術的革新，尤其是一個數字來描述失敗的英雄，其中一些如下。格林特和伍爾加（1997）用Ant來解釋勒德分子運動在英國上個世紀。麥克馬斯特等。 （1997年）已申請到通過一種特殊的方法來分析系統由地方議會在英國，和麥克馬斯特和維金（1996）汽車泊車系統。拉圖爾利用創新的翻譯描述的生命和死亡的革命巴黎的公共交通系統被稱為阿拉米斯（拉圖爾，1996年）。一個創新翻譯模式也被用在一些研究課程的創新，包括那些Nespor（1994年），仿金（1997），Bigum（1998年b，1998年a），布希（1997年）和塔特納爾（2000年）。

E-Health for Older People: The Use of Technology in Health Promotion.

E-Health for Older People: The Use of Technology
in Health Promotion
MIMI M. Y. TSE, Ph.D., R.N., 1 KIM C. Y. CHOI, B.S.N., R.N.,2 and RINCY S.W. LEUNG, B.S.N., R.N.3
ABSTRACT
To meet the needs of frail older people and to promote functional longevity, providing health
education and disease prevention to the elderly is important. The present study describes the
development, implementation, and evaluation of an e-health program for older persons. The
objective of the 4-week e-health program was to improve elders’ autonomous access to and
use of health-related information in the form of physical exercise videography from a government-
sponsored Web site. The content of the program included participants’ mastery of
basic computing skills and accessing and enhancing participants’ interest in seeking healthrelated
knowledge and information via the Internet. Data were collected in weeks 1 (pretest)
and 4 (posttest) using questionnaires and open-ended questions. Thirty older people participated
in the study (9 males, 21 females, aged 65–80 years, with the mean age of 72). Participants’
mastery of basic computer operating skills increased significantly (p ? 0.05); they were
able to access health information via the Internet and had gained health-related knowledge
by week 4 posttest (p ? 0.05). The overall learning experience was positive. In conclusion, the
collaboration of community partners in sponsoring a technology-based e-health program
would be an effective way to provide health education to older people.
電子健康老年人：該技術使用
健康促進
我的軍事工業化謝，博士，註冊護士，1金賽揚財，學士學位進修，註冊護士，2和RINCY西南梁，B.S.N.，R.N.3
摘要
為了滿足需求，老年人和體弱促進長壽功能，提供健康
教育和預防疾病的老人非常重要。本研究介紹
開發，實施和評價的電子保健方案的老年人。該
目標 4週電子保健方案，以改善老年人的自主利用和
使用健康有關的信息的形式的體育鍛煉錄像從政府
贊助網站。該計劃內容包括學員精通
基本的計算機技能和獲取，提高參與者的興趣，尋求健康相關
知識和信息通過因特網。資料收集在1週（前測）
和4（後測）通過問卷調查和開放式問題。 30老年人參加
在研究中（9男21女，年齡 65-80歲，平均年齡 72）。參加者
掌握基本的電腦操作技能明顯提高（P？0.05）;他們
能夠獲得健康信息，並通過互聯網獲得的與健康有關的知識
通過 4週後測性（P？0.05）。整體的學習經驗是積極的。最後，
社區合作夥伴贊助的技術為基礎的電子健康計劃
將是一個有效的方式提供健康教育，老年人。

INTRODUCTION
TO MEET THE NEEDS of frail older people and to promote
functional longevity, it is important for
older people to receive health education for developing
healthy habits, maintaining health, and preventing
disease. The growth and implementation of
Web-enabled communication and patient services, as
well as e-health initiatives, enable patients, their families,
and their caregivers to access useful information
and resources;1 thus, the quality of services and
care can be improved. E-health is the use of Internet
technology and electronic communication to support
the delivery and management of health care services.
1–2 Internet users represent a large population
seeking information, and many are seeking healthrelated
information. Approximately 60 million adults
sought health-related information in 2000.1,3
Despite the advantages of the Internet and advances
in electronic communication, utilization of
the Internet among older adults in Chinese societies
is relatively low; only 2% of adults aged 65 or older
in Hong Kong and 0.8% of adults aged 60 or older
in mainland China are Internet users.4 One of the
reasons may be the low literacy level among older
people in Hong Kong and China; also, they have
limited access to computers, making them a difficult-
access group in terms of Internet and computer
usage.5 It was therefore the aim of the present study
to attempt to collaborate with a community center
for the elderly, using an e-health education program
to provide health education to older people. The objectives
of the present study include (a) mastery of
basic computer skills for older people; (b) enabling
older people to access health information via the Internet;
and (c) improving elderly people’s health-related
knowledge.
引言
以滿足需要的體弱老人和促進
長壽功能，它是重要的
老年人接受健康教育的發展
健康的生活習慣，保持健康，預防
疾病。的成長和實施
支持Web的通訊和病人服務，
以及電子保健措施，讓病人，家屬，
和他們的照顧者，以獲取有用信息
和資源; 1因此，質量和服務
護理可以改善。電子健康是使用互聯網
技術和電子通信支持
交付和管理的衛生保健服務。
1-2互聯網用戶佔人口眾多
尋求信息，許多人尋求健康相關
信息。大約 60萬成年人
尋求與健康有關的信息，2000.1,3
儘管互聯網的優勢和墊款
在電子通訊，利用
在互聯網中老年人在華人社會
比較低，只有2％的成年人65歲以上的老年人
在香港和0.8％的成年人60歲以上的老年人
大陸中國是互聯網 users.4之一
原因可能是老年人文化水平低
人在香港和中國，也有
限制使用電腦，使他們難以
訪問組中的條款，互聯網和電腦
usage.5因此在本研究的目的
嘗試與社區合作中心
老人，使用電子健康教育計劃
提供健康教育，老年人。的目標
本研究包括：（1）精通
基本的計算機技能的老年人;（二）使
老年人獲得保健信息通過互聯網;
及（c）改善老人的健康相關
知識。

METHODS
Sample
This was an illustrative case study. Thirty older
people attending community centers were invited
to participate in an e-health education program. The
inclusion criteria were (a) being an older person
who scored 24 or above on the Mini Mental Status
Examination and (b) being able to speak, understand,
and read Cantonese. Those with severe visual
impairment and functional deficits that would
hinder learning and operating the computer were
excluded.
E-health program: Objectives, implementation,
and evaluation
The 4-week e-health program (1.5 hrs per week)
was held in the activity room of an elderly center.
The objective of the e-health program was to improve
elders’ autonomous access to and use of
health-related information in the form of physical
exercise videography from a government-sponsored
Web site. The content of the e-health program
included mastery of basic computing skills and accessing
government health Web sites that provide
health information regarding exercise. Participants
were invited to perform exercise as recommended
on the Web sites, and the process was videotaped
and subsequently viewed on video compact disc
(VCD). The contents and expected outcomes of the
program are itemized in Table 1.
Pre- and post-questionnaires about the e-health
program, a knowledge test, and focus group interviews
were used. Participants were asked to complete
a questionnaire in week 1 (pretest) and in week
4 (posttest). A 5-point Likert scale (1, not very much;
5, a great deal) was used. Knowledge gained after
browsing the Web site was accessed using true and
false questions. The face validity of the questionnaires
and true and false questions were established
by the research team. Also, the test–retest reliability
was established (r 0.93) by repeat testing
among five older people.
Focus groups were conducted at the end of the
e-health program for participants and staff working
in the elderly center. Data collection ceased when
saturation was achieved. The interviews were audiotaped
and transcribed. Related content was clustered
by themes and further analyzed into categories
for comparison and discussion.
方法
樣本
這是一個典型案例研究。 30老
人被邀請參加社區中心
參與電子健康教育計劃。該
納入標準分別為：（1）作為一個老年人
誰得分24或以上的迷你精神狀態
考試及（b）能夠說話，理解，
並宣讀粵語。那些有嚴重視覺
損害和功能缺損，將
妨礙學習和操作電腦的
排除在外。
電子保健方案：目標，執行，
和評價
4週電子保健方案（每週 1.5小時）
在舉行活動室的老人中心。
客觀的電子保健方案，以改善
長者自主獲取和利用
與健康有關的資料，實物的形式
演習錄像從政府資助
網站。內容的電子保健方案
包括掌握基本的計算機技能和獲取
政府衛生網站提供
關於衛生信息工作。與會者
被邀請的建議做運動
在這些網站上，整個過程進行了錄像
並隨後觀看視頻光盤
（光碟）。內容和預期成果的
分項計劃是在表1。
前和後的問卷對電子保健
方案，知識測試，焦點小組訪談
使用了。參與者被要求完成
本週一在一份調查問卷（預試）和週
4（後測）。阿五點李克特尺度（1，沒有多大;
5，一個偉大的交易）的使用。後獲得的知識
瀏覽該網站被訪問使用真實
虛假的問題。表面效度的問卷
和真正的和虛假的問題，建立
由研究團隊。此外，可靠性測試Etest法
成立（註冊商標 0.93）的重複測試
其中5老年人。
焦點小組進行，最後的
電子保健方案的參與者和工作人員的工作
在老人中心。數據收集時停止
飽和度達到了。在訪談錄音
和轉錄。相關內容是群集
按主題進行分類，並進一步分析
進行比較和討論。


RESULTS
Demographic data
Thirty older people (9 males, 21 females) participated
in the study (Table 2).
Mastery of computer skills, interest, and health-related
knowledge gained via the e-heath program
Table 3 shows a significant increase in mastery of
computer skills and interest in accessing health information
via the Internet after the 4-week e-health
program; knowledge of health information in the
area of physical exercise also increased significantly
(p ? 0.05). Participants were able to operate the
computer and access health information via the Internet,
and they expressed confidence in their ability
to do so. Participants were also found to have
increased their knowledge after reading information
on the Web sites, with a significant increase in
giving correct answers to health-related questions.
Focus group interview
Focus group interviews revealed that elderly center
staff were impressed by the active involvement
of the older persons in the e-health program. Staff
felt that providing such programs through elderly
centers would be useful. The following comments,
made by participants during the focus group interviews,
highlight their reactions to the e-health program
and their concerns about using technology.
Explore the technology. “It provides an opportunity
to explore technology that we had not imagined
before.” “I could obtain health information.
There is a lot of information out there, and I was
able to use it.”
Language barrier and lower education level. “We
don’t know many words.” “People think we are oldfashioned,
so there’s no need to learn about computers.”
“We can’t even type. How are we supposed
to manage Chinese typing?”
Physical disabilities. “Poor eye–hand coordination
makes it difficult for us to use the mouse.” “When
sitting for a period of time, I get severe low back
pain. It annoys me.”
Limited resources. “We live alone and on CSSA
[Comprehensive Social Security Assistance]. How
can we get a computer?”
Lack of guidance. “I don’t know where to get help;
my friends don’t know about computers, and they
cannot discuss computer use with me.” “I don’t
know the addresses of these Web sites.”
結果
人口統計數據
30老年人（男9例，女21）參加
在研究中（表2）。
掌握計算機技能，興趣，以及與健康有關
獲得的知識通過電子健康計劃
表3顯示了顯著增加精通
計算機技能和興趣在獲取衛生信息
通過互聯網後 4週的電子健康
方案;知識的健康信息在
面積也顯著增加體育鍛煉
（P值0.05）。參加者能夠操作
計算機和獲得保健信息通過互聯網，
他們表示，相信他們有能力
這樣做的。與會者還發現有
增加他們的知識在閱讀信息
在這些網站上，有顯著增加
給予正確的答案與健康有關的問題。
焦點團體訪談
焦點小組訪談發現，老人中心
工作人員留下深刻印象的積極參與
對老年人在電子保健方案。員工
認為，這種方案通過提供長者
中心將是有益的。以下評論，
與會者提出，在焦點團體訪談，
他們的反應突出的電子保健方案
他們的關注和使用技術。
探索這一技術。 “它提供了一個機會
探索技術，我們沒有想到
前。“”我可以得到健康的信息。
有很多信息在那裡，而我
可以使用它。“
語言障礙和教育程度較低。 “我們
不知道很多的話。“”人們認為我們是老式，
因此沒有必要學習電腦。“
“我們甚至不能類型。我們應該如何
管理中文打字？“
身體殘疾。 “可憐的手眼協調
使我們難以用鼠標“。”當
坐在一期的時候，我得到嚴厲的腰背
疼痛。這讓我很煩。“
有限的資源。 “我們獨居及領取綜援
[綜合社會保障援助]。如何
我們可以得到一台電腦？“
缺乏指導。 “我不知道在哪裡可以得到幫助;
我的朋友們不知道的電腦，他們
不能討論計算機使用我。“”我不
知道了這些網站的地址。“

DISCUSSION
The present study demonstrated an innovative
way of using the Internet to search for health information
and improve health promotion among
community-dwelling older adults. With the collaboration
of community services, the use of technology
in the form of an e-health program would be
an effective tool in providing health education to
older people. Computer skills, interest in accessing
health information, and health knowledge gained
were found among the 30 participants. It is suggested
that attending the e-health program helped
to build their confidence in searching health-related
Web sites and that they benefited from information
obtained from these Web sites. Therefore, the ehealth
program and the use of Internet technology
will be a new trend in health promotion and health
education among the older population.6
As older populations and their vulnerability to
health problems increase, e-health education can
help to enhance their health status.7 The use of ehealth
education can help promote healthy habits
and lifestyles and increase health knowledge among
older people. Continual and regular provision of ehealth
programs for older people will bring positive
health outcomes to older adults and to society as a
whole.
討論
目前的研究表明一種創新
使用互聯網的方式來搜索健康資訊
健康促進和改善中
社區中居住的老年人。隨著合作
社區服務，使用的技術
在表格的電子保健方案將
一個有效的工具，提供健康教育
老年人。計算機技能，興趣訪問
衛生信息，健康知識獲得
發現其中30人參加。這是建議
，出席電子保健方案幫助
建立自己的信心，查找與健康有關
網站，他們從信息中受益
從這些網站獲得。因此，電子衛生保健
方案和互聯網技術的使用
將是一個新趨勢，健康促進和健康
教育的老population.6
隨著老年人口和易受
健康問題的增加，電子健康教育能
有助於提高他們的健康status.7電子衛生保健的使用
教育可以幫助促進健康的生活習慣
和生活方式，提高健康知識調查
老年人。持續和定期提供電子衛生保健
方案將帶來積極的老年人
對老年人健康的成果和社會作為一個
整體。


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Cognitive learning applied to older adult learners and technology

Amy J. Chaffin
Steven D. Harlow
University of Nevada—Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
This article addresses the needs of older adults learning computer skills
and the place of technology, especially the computer, in enhancing their
lives. A model is discussed that illuminates the process used by older
adults to learn computer skills. The model may be used to analyze and
provide specific aid for common difficulties of the aged. Suggestions
and recommendations are proposed that facilitate the older adult learner’s
use of computers. One of the underlying assumptions for the model
is that the fundamental interests of the learner can be discerned and,
with careful preparation by the teacher, motivation will follow.
內華達大學里諾，里諾，內華達州，美國
這篇文章解決老年人的需要學習電腦技能
和地點的技術，尤其是計算機，提高他們的
生命。討論了一個模型，闡明了過程中使用的舊
成年人學習計算機技能。該模型可以用來分析和
提供具體援助的共同困難的老年人。建議
並提出建議，以促進老成人學習者
使用電腦。其中一個基本假設為模型
是的根本利益，學習者可以看出，並
通過與老師精心準備，動力會隨之而來。
Personhood and its potential are continuously unfolding and technology can become a major source of its realization.
As individuals progress toward autonomy, they choose the goals they want to achieve, and decide what activities and which ways of being have meaning for them and which do not.
Rather than moving blithely through this process, autonomy is typically achieved with caution and some trepidation, often with no confidence at first (Rogers, 1961).
As we age, maintaining control over hard-earned autonomy is constantly challenged by age-related physical, cognitive, and environmental changes.
Today, communicating about one’s needs and maintaining one’s autonomy can be enhanced if older adults learn and use computer skills.
人格和潛力正在不斷展開和技術可以成為其實現的主要來源。
作為個人進步走向自主性，他們選擇他們想要達到的目標，並決定哪些活動，哪些是具有意義的方式為他們並沒有。
而不是將愉快地通過這一進程，實現自治是典型的謹慎和一些驚恐，往往沒有信心在第一屆（羅傑斯，1961）。
隨著年齡的增長，保持控制來之不易的自主權不斷挑戰年齡有關的身體，認知，和環境的變化。
今天，交流有關人的需要和維持一個人的自主權，可以提高老年人如果學習和使用計算機的技能。

According to McConatha (2002), one of the most important factors
determining our place in a social environment is our perception of control. To control their own fate and their own environment as
they age, older adults are learning computer technology at a pace
faster than any other age group (Beisgen & Kraitchman, 2003,
McConatha, 2002). Computer skills and use of the Internet give them
control over one of the primary threats to their physical and psychological
well-being: social isolation. Isolation often results from retirement,
loss of a spouse, children living far away, moving to a
retirement center, or becoming homebound due to age-related
illnesses. Experts recommend that, in designing interventions for
socially isolated older adults, the focus needs to be on ways to
improve communication and increase contact with others
(McConatha, 2002).
據 McConatha（2002年），其中最重要的因素
確定我們的位置在一個社會環境是我們的感知控制。為了控制自己的命運和自己的環境
他們的年齡，老年人正在學習電腦技術的步伐
速度超過任何其他年齡組（Beisgen＆Kraitchman，2003年，
McConatha，2002年）。計算機技能和使用互聯網給他們
控制的主要威脅之一，他們的身體和心理
福利：社會孤立。結果往往由退休的分離，
失去配偶，子女的生活遠，移動到
退休中心，或成為居家由於年齡有關
疾病。專家建議，在制定干預措施
社會孤立的老年人，重點需要就如何
加強溝通，增加與他人接觸
（McConatha，2002年）。
Enter technology and the empowerment of computer skills.
Although older learners can learn computer skills as well as young
students, they learn slower (Tomporowski, 2003). Aging causes
physiological changes that slow the learning process. Sensory changes
also impact ability to learn, yet the motivation of older people to
learn about computers is very strong (Purdie and Boulton-Lewis,
2003). In this article a model of cognitive learning is presented
to identify and describe factors involved in the learning of new
practices—in this case technology.
輸入技術和能力的計算機技能。
雖然年紀較大的學員可以學習電腦技能以及年輕
學生，他們學習更慢（Tomporowski，2003年）。衰老的原因
生理變化緩慢的學習過程。感覺變化
還影響學習能力，但對老年人的動機
學習電腦是非常強（珀迪和博爾頓，劉易斯，
2003年）。在本文的模型，提出了認知學習
確定和描述的因素參與學習的新
做法，在這種情況下的技術。

A growing number of older adults have a title: the vulnerable
elderly. They are at greater risk than younger age groups for
developing age-related health problems. Although they desire independence
in their later years, health problems often force them
to become dependent and homebound. This raises the question of
how to keep older Americans connected to the world around
them.
越來越多的老年人有一個標題：弱勢群體
老人。他們面臨更大的風險比年輕的年齡組
制定與年齡有關的健康問題。雖然他們渴望獨立
在他們的晚年，健康問題往往迫使他們
成為依賴和居家。這就提出的問題
如何使美國老年人連接到世界各地
他們。

A RAPIDLY EXPANDING POPULATION
An estimated 35 million people aged 65 years and older lived in the
U.S. in 2000, and accounted for 13% of the total population (Nahm
& Resnick, 2001). By the year 2020, 20% of Americans are expected
to be over 65 years old. U.S. Census Bureau (2000) population projections
show that there will be 70.3 million older adults age 65 and
older by 2030, or double the number today. By 2050, they are
expected to number 82 million (Wetle, 2002).
人口數量迅速擴大
據估計，3500萬人 65歲及以上住在
美國於 2000年，佔 13％的總人口（納洪姆
＆雷斯尼克，2001）。到2020年，20％的美國人預計
將超過 65歲。美國人口普查局（2000年）人口推算
表明，將有7030.0萬老年人和65歲
老年人到2030年，今天或雙數。到2050年，他們是
預計數 8200萬（Wetle，2002年）。

Older adults are a rapidly growing population. Baby Boomers,
born from the late 1940s to the mid-1960s, are the youngest segment
(Beisgen & Kraitchman, 2003). Another segment, people 65
and older, is also a rapidly growing population (Nahm & Resnick,
2001). The number of people 85 and older is expanding at a rate six times that of the young people in the U.S. (Callen & Wells,
2003).
老年人是一個迅速增長的人口。嬰兒潮，
從 20世紀 40年代末出生在60年代中期，是最年輕的部分
（Beisgen＆Kraitchman，2003年）。另一部分，65人
和老，也是一個迅速增長的人口（納洪姆＆雷斯尼克，
2001年）。有多少人是85歲以上的速度擴大 6倍，在美國青少年（卡朗＆韋爾斯，
2003年）。

People are living longer. Those 85 and older, the fastest growing
segment in the older population (Callen & Wells, 2003), are most
at risk for disease and disability. Yet their numbers are currently rising
faster than the elderly population as a whole, thus illustrating
their increased longevity. There are 4 million people age 85 and older
in the U.S.; by 2030 that number is expected to double. By 2050, it is
projected that the number of people age 85 and older could soar to at
least 19 million, and might even be as high as 27 million or more
(Wetle, 2002). People in the U.S. over 100 years old numbered about
68,000 in 2000, with projections that by 2050 they will number over 1
million (Beisgen & Kraitchman, 2003).
人們活得更長。這些 85歲以上，增長最快
部分老年人口（卡朗＆韋爾斯，2003年），是最
在危險的疾病和殘疾。然而，他們的人數正在不斷上升
高於老年人口作為一個整體，從而說明
他們的壽命延長。有400萬 85歲以上的人
在美國，2030年這一數字將翻一番。到2050年，它是
預計有多少人85歲以上可以翱翔於
至少有19萬，甚至可能高達 2700萬美元以上
（Wetle，2002年）。人在美國超過 100歲人數約
68000於 2000年，他們的預測，到2050年將超過 1號碼
萬美元（Beisgen＆Kraitchman，2003年）。

There are marked differences in older adults over age 65 as a group
compared to those under 65. Each group has its own characteristics.
The younger group is healthier, very focused on slowing the aging
process, and is characterized by an independent spirit that is a product
of the greatest era of social change ever experienced in the
U.S. (Kressley & Huebschmann, 2002). The older age group is moving
into, or has already arrived at, the life phase of having predictable
age-related health problems, is immersed in the aging process, and is
a product of economic hard times and the challenges of world wars
(Beisgen & Kraitchman, 2003). Older Americans are typically selfsufficient
and self-reliant as a result of their life experiences and the
history of their times. When problems arise, they initiate searches
for information or answers; for example, online searches for health
information.
有顯著差異，65歲以上的老年人作為一個群體
相對於那些65歲以下。每個小組都有自己的特點。
年輕組是健康的，非常注重延緩衰老
過程中，其特點是一個獨立的精神，是一種產品
最偉大的社會變革時代經歷過的
美國（克雷斯利及Huebschmann，2002年）。年長的年齡組正
進入，或已經抵達，生命階段有明確的
與年齡有關的健康問題，是沉浸在老化過程，並
一個產品的經濟困難時期和挑戰的世界戰爭
（Beisgen＆Kraitchman，2003年）。美國老年人通常selfsufficient
和自力更生，結果他們的生活經驗和
歷史的時代。當問題出現時，便開始搜索
信息或答案，例如，網上搜尋健康
信息。

AGEISM
Despite the interest of many older adults in learning computer skills,
there is a subtle belief in American society that old people are unable
to do much. This type of prejudiced thinking is ageism and includes
assumptions about ailments or frailty caused by age (Palmore, 2001,
Cohen, 2001, Levy, 2001). Ageism is a systematic stereotyping and
pervasive negative view of older persons (Palmore, 2001). Ageism
emphasizes the failing of physical and mental capabilities among
the old. It calls attention to the potential limitations of the elderly
while ignoring the positive potential that comes with experience
and further learning. What is particularly insidious is that the negative
sloping of human potential represented by ageism may well form
the image that the elderly themselves internalize. If ageism is the lens by which society views the elderly and, in turn, the elderly view themselves,
then life opportunity becomes significantly reduced. Moreover,
a great deal of human potential is never realized.
年齡歧視
儘管許多老年人的興趣在學習電腦技能，
有一個微妙的信念在美國社會，老人們無法
做太多。這種類型的思維是年齡歧視和偏見，包括
假設有關的疾病或虛弱造成的年齡（帕莫爾，2001年，
科恩，2001年，利維，2001年）。年齡歧視是一個系統的定型和
普遍的負面看法的老年人（帕莫爾，2001年）。年齡歧視
強調失敗的身體和心理能力之間
舊的。它呼籲注意潛在的局限性老人
而忽略了積極的潛力，帶有經驗
並進一步學習。什麼是特別陰險的是，負
坡人的潛力為代表的年齡歧視可能形式
老人的形象本身內部。如果鏡頭的年齡歧視是社會的意見，其中的老人，並在轉，老人認為自己，
然後生活機會變得顯著減少。此外，
一個人的潛力很大，是永遠不會實現。

For example, Rowe (1995) has written of the care given to some
older adults in England, and has noted that not infrequently a pattern
of care can be observed that promotes an image of the passive,
infirmed older adult. Called the ‘‘old dears,’’ the older adults are
cared for by staff who create a proper public image for them by doing
the following.
例如，羅（1995年）也寫了一些照顧給予
老年人在英國，並指出，並非罕見的格局
可以觀察護理，促進圖像中的被動，
病患年紀較大的成年人。所謂的''老鹿，老成人''
由工作人員照顧，誰創造一個適當的公眾形象為他們做
以下。

The staff know that the old dears have lost interest in everything and
do not need to be entertained . . . they (the old dears) sit in chairs set in
schoolroom rows with the television in front. The function of the television
is to suggest to visitors that the old dears are getting the stimulation
that misguided geriatricians and psychologists say they
need . . . foolish people who say that old people in their chairs should
be arranged in groups so they can talk to one another, or at least see
one another. Staff know that the old dears don’t need this. After all, if
you can’t see or hear properly, can’t enunciate clearly, and have trouble
remembering, you’re not much of a conversationalist (Rowe, 1995,
p. 74).
工作人員都知道，老鹿，一切都失去了興趣和
不需要不受理。 。 。他們（老鹿）坐在椅子載
教室行與電視在前面。該功能的電視
是建議遊客，舊逗人越來越刺激
這些誤導老年醫學和心理學家說，他們
需要。 。 。愚蠢的人說，老人們誰在他們的椅子應
被安排在群體，使他們能夠相互交談，或至少見
彼此。員工知道，老鹿不需要這個。畢竟，如果
你不能看到或聽到正確，不能闡述清楚，並有麻煩
記住，你不是一個健談的大部分（羅，1995年，
山口74）。

When hospitalized or admitted to care centers, older adults are
often plagued with questions such as, Where am I? What will happen
to me? It is no surprise, then, that older adults have high mortality
rates. Half of postmenopausal women with fractured hips die from
complications of blood clots, pneumonia, and infections within
twelve months of the accident; older men have a high rate of death
from suicide (Rowe, 1995). The expectations that society has of older
adults greatly affects personhood and the type of life available to
them. Having reached a certain age does not constitute a plateau that
then descends; if seen correctly, achieving a certain age allows a continual
process of problem solving and discovery of knowledge derived
from living.
當住院或入住護理中心，老年人是
常常困擾著一些問題，如，我在哪裡？會發生什麼
我呢？毫不奇怪，那麼，老年人有較高的死亡率
率。絕經後的婦女有一半死於與臀部骨折
並發症血液凝塊，肺炎和感染內
12個月的事故;老年男性有較高的死亡率
從自殺（羅，1995年）。是社會的期望老年人
成年人極大地影響人格和生命的類型可
他們。在到達一定年齡，並不構成高原
然後下降;如果看到正確，達到一定的年齡可以持續不斷
解決問題的過程和發現知識的產生
從生活。

Ageism is, then, discrimination against old people. Purdie and
Boulton-Lewis (2003) caution that ageism is a dominant view of
the elderly that undercuts the potential vitality and activity of the
older adult learner. At any age we are not totally independent. We
rely more than we realize on friends, the community, social and
environmental arrangements (helpers), and professionals. Few of us
cut our hair or make our own clothes. We rely on others. In fact,
we often think of the availability of these people as options. Independence is a matter of degree, but a realistic assessment of the
barriers presented as life choices can actually enhance independence.
年齡歧視，那麼，歧視老人。珀迪和
博爾頓劉易斯（2003）提出警告，認為年齡歧視是主要的
老人可削弱潛在的生命力及活動
年齡較大的成人學習者。在任何時代，我們不能完全獨立。我們
更多地依賴於朋友比我們意識到，社區，社會及
環境安排（傭工），和專業人士。我們幾個
削減我們的頭髮，或使自己的衣服。我們依靠別人。事實上，
我們經常想到的可用性，這些人民的選擇。獨立性是一個問題的程度，但一個現實的評估
障礙表現為生活選擇其實可以加強獨立性。

For example, an 86-year-old woman independently made her own
doctor’s appointments, and also scheduled transportation to her
appointments using a free, city-sponsored ride service for frail
seniors. Unfortunately, she was left at the doctor’s office for five
hours one day due to miscommunication between drivers. She experienced
severe hip pain during the five-hour ordeal because she was unable
to lie down, as was her custom throughout the day. Her daughter
intervened and agreed to take her mother to future appointments
with the doctor so there would be no waiting and no pain. The two
also agreed to eat at a restaurant after the appointments. This
allowed the older woman to enjoy the addition of more social time
with her daughter. Her independent decision to schedule a doctor’s
appointment was preserved and balanced by her willingness to be
dependent on her daughter for transportation.
例如，一個 86歲的女子讓她自己獨立
醫生的約會，她還將運輸
使用免費預約，市主辦的預約服務為體弱
老人。不幸的是，她留在了醫生的辦公室 5
時間一天，由於司機之間的溝通不暢。她經歷
嚴重的髖關節疼痛，在5個小時的折磨，因為她無法
躺下，因為是她自一整天。她的女兒
干預，並同意把她的母親以後的任命
與醫生，以便就沒有等待，沒有痛苦。這兩個
還同意在一家餐館吃飯後任命。這
讓老年婦女除了享受更多的社會時間
與她的女兒。她的獨立決定，安排醫生
任命是保存和平衡的，她願意將
依賴於她的女兒運輸。

Rowe has noted that as age creeps in, control over one’s life may
well decrease (1995). Accordingly, independence and dependence are
not absolute conditions. Independence increases as accommodations
and resources are introduced into the capacity of older adults to handle
their circumstances. Computer technology brings with it a broad
set of resources that can provide older adults with new ways of
addressing life problems.
羅指出，隨著年齡的爬行中，控制一個人的生命可能
以及減少（1995年）。因此，獨立性和依賴性
不是絕對條件。作為獨立加住宿
和資源引入到老年人的能力，以處理
他們的情況。計算機技術帶來了一個廣闊
集資源，可以提供老年人的新途徑
解決生活問題。

A woman in her 80s, who was homebound and in a wheelchair,
used an e-mail device to communicate with family and friends. She
found out that she could order from a large grocery chain using
e-mail and, for an additional five dollars, the groceries would be
delivered to her door. She lived in a senior residence where three
meals were served daily, but her diet restrictions often limited her
ability to eat the food that was served. By shopping for items on
her diet and having them brought to where she lived, she could keep
appropriate foods in an apartment-size refrigerator and cook using a
microwave oven. She often took her own food to the dining room at
meal times, and was able to eat and enjoy the company of her tablemates.
一個女人在她80年代，誰是居家和輪椅，
使用電子郵件進行通訊與家人和朋友。她
發現她可以為了一個大型百貨連鎖店從使用
電子郵件，並為另外5美元，將雜貨
送到了她的門。她住在一個高級住宅在3
每日膳食服務，但她的飲食限制，往往限制她
能夠吃的食物送達。通過購物的物品
她的飲食和有他們帶到她住的地方，她可以保持
適當的食物公寓大小冰箱及烹調使用
微波爐。她經常把自己的食物，在餐廳
用餐時間，並能夠享受吃，她tablemates公司。

In the past, much of the gerontology literature adopted a ‘‘loss’’
view of aging rather than a ‘gains’ view (Purdie & Boulton-Lewis,
2003). However, the notion that older persons lose their place in
society is being replaced by the view that all individuals, regardless
of age, can maintain active lifestyles and can contribute meaningfully
to their families and society.
在過去，大部分的老年學文學的損失採取了'' ''
鑑於老齡化，而不是一個'收益'視圖（珀迪及博爾頓，劉易斯，
2003年）。然而，老年人的觀念在失去自己的位置
社會正在取代認為，所有個人，無論
年齡，能保持積極的生活方式，能夠作出有意義的貢獻
他們的家庭和社會。

The World Health Organization’s guideline recently described
health in old age as ‘‘a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’’ (Beisgen &
Kraitchman, 2003, p. 163). Central to healthy aging is the capacity to
regulate behaviors that derive contentment from life. Aging is now
seen as an essential and natural part of the cycle of life—a period
in which people continue to learn and also pass on knowledge to
others. Active older adults are the norm (Tomporowski, 2003).
世界衛生組織的指引，最近描述
健康老人為 ''一個國家完全的身體，精神和社會福祉，而不僅僅指沒有疾病或虛弱 ''（Beisgen＆
Kraitchman，2003年，第163）。中央健康老齡化的能力
規範行為，從生活中得到滿足。老齡化是現在
看作是一個必要和自然循環的一部分，生命的一期
在人們繼續學習，並傳授知識
其他人。老年人是主動規範（Tomporowski，2003年）。

People in Western cultures have begun to realize that the culture
itself serves to limit older adults’ potential for learning. Rather than
seclude older adults from opportunities to learn, it is important that
they continue to be active, to persist in maintaining their ability to
acquire new knowledge, and to manage their own goals for learning.
The result is positive emotions (Tomporowski, 2003). Assumptions
that were central to the early twentieth-century labor force (such
as the necessity for mandatory retirement) and the limits of older
adults’ abilities, skills, and performance, are being challenged. While
the idea of the vulnerable older adult is still accurate, the pendulum
is swinging toward an optimistic view of old age (Tomporowski,
2003), and a growing number of older adults are optimistic about
computers.
人們在西方文化已經開始認識到文化
本身就是限制老年人的潛能學習。而不是
隔離老年人從學習的機會，重要的是，
他們繼續積極，堅持維護他們的能力
學習新知識，管理自己的學習目標。
其結果是積極的情緒（Tomporowski，2003年）。假設
這是中央對二十世紀早期的勞動力（如
作為強制性退休的必要性）和限制老年人
成年人的能力，技能和表現，都受到了挑戰。而
對弱勢群體的思想仍然是老成人準確，鐘擺
是擺走向樂觀看法，老年（Tomporowski，
2003年），以及越來越多的老年人是樂觀
計算機。

THE e-QUALITY THEORY OF AGING
McConatha (2002) has proposed a theory of e-Quality for older
adults. It is based on the premise that access to Internet-based technological
advances can enhance the condition of older adults in contemporary
society. It posits that as older adults use the electronic
environment of the Internet, they benefit themselves (McConatha,
2002). One older adult joyfully commented, ‘‘I installed the computer
myself . . .Wow. . . You won’t believe that, but all the plugs are colorcoded
and I followed the directions . . . I can communicate with
others . . . it (the computer) gives me a purpose in life and it makes
me feel not so alone myself . . . it keeps my mind active and
challenged . . . I wonder if I would feel that way if I didn’t have a computer’’
(Clark, 2002, p. 120). Hardware and software are important;
but more important is the way that older adults learn to use computers
so they can be successful when seeking the information they need.
的e -素質論時效
McConatha（2002）提出了一個理論，電子質量為老年人
成年人。它是基於一個前提，獲得基於互聯網的技術
進步的條件可以提高老年人在當代
社會。它假定，由於老年人使用的電子
環境的互聯網，他們自己的利益（McConatha，
2002年）。一位年紀較大的成人高興地評論說，''我安裝了電腦
我自己。 。 。哇。 。 。你不會相信，但所有的插頭都colorcoded
我遵循的方向。 。 。我可以溝通
其他人。 。 。它（電腦）給了我生活的目的，它使
我覺得自己不那麼孤獨。 。 。它讓我的心靈和積極的
挑戰。 。 。我不知道我會覺得他的方式，如果我沒有電腦 ''
（克拉克，2002年，第120頁）。硬件和軟件是重要的;
但更重要的是老年人的方式，學習使用電腦
這樣他們就可以成功在尋求他們需要的信息。

How do older adult learners best learn to use a computer? It is a
process of cognitive change that begins with their own art and culture,
includes the efforts of the person teaching computer technology,
and ends with the ability to e-mail, word process, and surf the Internet.
A model of this process shows why the learning needs of older
adults require a unique approach (See Figure 1).
年齡較大的成人學習者如何最好學會使用電腦嗎？這是一個
認知過程的變化，開始用自己的藝術和文化，
包括人的努力教學計算機技術，
並有能力結束電子郵件，文字處理和上網衝浪。
示範這個過程說明了為什麼老年人的學習需要
成年人需要一種獨特的方法（見圖 1）。


THE ROLE OF ART, CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Contributions from art, culture, and technology guarantee the transfer
of what an individual needs to function in society. How do these
three factors influence older adults?
的作用，藝術，文化和科技
從藝術的貢獻，文化和技術保障的轉移
什麼是個人需要在社會中發揮作用。如何將這些
三個因素影響老年人？
Art
There is always the odd mixture of the way things used to be with the
surrounding culture. It has been found that when older learners have
ways of accessing events and issues, they are eager to integrate the
new with their perspectives (Wright, 2000).
藝術
總是有奇怪的方式混合使用的東西要與
周圍的文化。人們已經發現，當年紀較大的學習者
訪問方式的事件和問題，他們渴望整合
用自己的新觀點（賴特，2000）。

Dewey (1980) reminds us that art is a form generated as we interact
and reflect upon life experiences. Dewey describes the human creative
form this way:
杜威（1980）提醒我們，藝術是一種互動的形式產生，因為我們
生活經驗和反思。杜威描述了人類創造
這樣的形式：
In an experience, things and events belonging to the world, physical
and social, are transformed through the human context they enter,
while the live creature is changed and developed through its intercourse
with things previous external to it (p. 246).
在一個經驗，事物和事件，屬於世界，物理
和社會，是通過人的改造方面，他們進入，
而活的生物變化和發展，是通過性交
與以前的外部給它的東西（第246頁）。

Accordingly, art is transformative through the force of the person.
Now elements and events become integrated into a growing personhood.
To Dewey, education is equivalent to growth in personhood. As Noddings (1995) noted, Dewey insisted that experience is educative
only if it produces growth—if, that is, students leave the experience
more capable or interested in engaging in new experience.
因此，藝術是通過變革力量的人。
現在的元素和事件成為一個日益融入人格。
杜威，教育是相當於增長人格。正如諾丁斯（1995）指出，杜威的教育經驗是堅持
只有當它生產的增長，如果是，學生離開的經驗
較有能力或有興趣從事新的經驗。

Beisgen and Kraitchman state, ‘‘Art is a bridge across generations.
Sharing one another’s arts, stories, song, dance, and music is a way to
connect the generations within families and communities’’ (2003,
p. 107). Every person is a repository of memory and story. The
elderly, as is true of all, need a medium to express their stories and
connect with other generations. Word processing, chat rooms, and
e-mails provide the perfect vehicle for older adults who want to
express a greeting, a story, their history, or an opinion.
Beisgen和Kraitchman狀態，''藝術是一橋跨代。
分享彼此的藝術，故事，歌曲，舞蹈和音樂的一種方式
連接在家庭和社區世代''（2003年，
山口107）。每個人是一個倉庫內存和故事。該
老年人，是真正的一切，都需要一個媒介來表達他們的故事和
可以與其他世代。文字處理，聊天室，
電子郵件提供完美的車輛老年人誰想要
表達問候，一個故事，他們的歷史，或觀點。

Culture
With the infusion of information technology and the World Wide
Web, older Americans are no longer bound by the four walls of where
they live. They have instant access to unlimited Web sites. Yet, for
many older adults, theirs is a culture of social isolation because—
among other reasons—they do not have computers skills or the ability
to access the Internet (Fioto, 2002; White et al., 1999; Wright,
2000).
Social isolation may well occur as we grow older. Loss of a spouse,
retirement from work, or moving to a retirement home, are common
events for older adults. They may strain the emotional resources of the
individuals and restrict the expression of their potential. The opposite
of social isolation is connection which can be achieved by the introduction
and use of computer technology. Older adults can move from
a culture of social isolation to a culture of communication.
文化
隨著信息技術的注入和世界
網站，美國老年人不再受制於四面牆在哪裡
他們居住。他們即時訪問無限制的網站。然而，對於
許多老年人，他們是一種文化的社會隔離，因為，
除其他原因，他們沒有電腦技能或能力
訪問因特網（Fioto，2002年;白等。，1999;賴特，
2000年）。
社會隔離可能發生，因為我們年齡的增長。喪失配偶，
退休的工作，或移動到一個退休在家，是常見的
活動的老年人。他們可能資源緊張的情緒
個人和限制表達他們的潛力。相反的
社會隔離，這種現象可以通過引進
並利用計算機技術。老年人可以從
一種文化的社會隔離，以一種文化的溝通。
Technology
Many older adults are not of the computer generation. If they are
without computer skills, they typically begin with a basic computer
course. Basic courses often teach word processing, accessing the
Internet, and sending=receiving e-mail. The content they are taught
needs to be age-appropriate for their learning level. The older adult’s
learning level needs to be a priority.
Learning, according to Harlow and Cummings (2003), has three
levels: a) survival learning for just getting by; b) adjustment learning,
which is forced learning and not owned; and c) discovery learning, or
intrinsic learning, which is owned. During survival level learning,
whether old or not, learners experience learning tasks as being
beyond their grasp. Some things make sense; others do not. But asa whole, the process seems alien to the learners. The overall process
does not seem to click. At this level, doubts occur and learners need
support and aid. Direct instruction and practice, along with emotional
support, are instructional ways of helping learners advance beyond
the survival level.
With developing confidence and certain skills, learners enter the
adjustment level. Here, the person is directed by outside instructions
and tutors, but does not rely on their own sense of mastery and control.
They do not yet own the learning process. There are things to be
done, areas to be learned, but the authority for experimental and
further learning is not the learners. The learners are preoccupied with
the ‘‘right way’’ of proceeding, and take their cues from outside
authorities.
Discovery learning occurs when skill development and comfort
with new learning results in a sense of mastery. The computer and
its possibilities are experienced as a part of personhood. It is at the
discovery level that learners begin to own the learning process. The
computer becomes a way to solve problems and experiment. This
third level, discovery learning that is owned, is typically observed
among adult learners.
It is important for older adult learners and their computer teachers
to be aware of the learners’ learning levels. The nature of
learning approaches and the methods of overcoming barriers will
be different, depending on the level of comfort among older learners
and their ownership of their learning. As older learners experience
needs and interests that learning will satisfy, they become
motivated to learn. Typically, their orientation to learning is lifecentered,
and experience is the richest source for adult learning.
There is a ‘‘deep need to be self-directed, and individual differences
among people increase with age’’ (Beisgen & Kraitchman, 2003,
p. 72). In an effort to meet the need to remain in touch with family
or to control their own finances, older learners may want to learn
about technology and how to use e-mail and the Internet. Such
skills can give them the ability to e-mail grandchildren or check
investments online.
Sometimes called the Digital Divide, there is a socioeconomic and
demographic division between those who use computers and those
who don’t (Morrell, Mayhorn, & Bennett, 2002). While America
today is technology driven, the elderly are underrepresented: 8% of
seniors aged 65 and older have Internet access, compared to 40%
of the under-65 population. Many older adult learners want to learn
technology skills, and do not want to be excluded from computer
training (Beisgen & Kraitchman, 2003).
技術
很多老年人是不是計算機生成。如果他們
沒有電腦技能，他們通常首先一個基本的計算機
課程。基礎課往往教文字處理，訪問
互聯網，發送 =接收電子郵件。他們被教導的內容
需要年齡適合自己的學習水平。年長的成人
學習水平必須是一個優先事項。
學習，根據哈洛和肯明斯（2003年），有三個
層次：1）生存的學習過關;二）調整學習，
這是被迫學習，而不是擁有;和c）的發現學習，或
內在的學習，這是擁有。在生存層次的學習，
不論老與不老，學習任務，學習者的經驗被
他們無法把握。有些事情有意義，有些則沒有。但阿薩整體而言，這個過程似乎格格不入的學習者。整個過程
似乎沒有點擊。在這個級別，懷疑發生和學習者的需要
支持和援助。直接指導和練習，以及情緒
支持，是教學方式幫助學員提前超越
生存的水平。
隨著發展的信心和一定的技能，學習者進入
調整的水平。在這裡，人是針對外界的指示
和導師，但並不依賴於自己掌握和控制感。
他們還沒有自己的學習過程。有些事情是
這樣做，需要學習的領域，但用於試驗和權威
進一步學習不是學習者。專注的學習者
正確的方法'' ''的程序，並採取他們從外部線索
當局。
當發現學習技能發展和舒適
新的學習成果在一定意義上的掌握。電腦及
其可能性是經驗的一部分的人格。它是在
發現學生的水平，開始自己的學習過程。該
計算機將成為一個解決問題的方法和實驗。這
第三個層次，即擁有的發現學習，是典型的觀察
成年學習者。
重要的是，年齡較大的成人學習者和他們的電腦科教師
需要注意的是學習者的學習水平。的性質
學習方法和工作方法，克服障礙，將
有所不同，根據級別的舒適度老年學習者
他們擁有自己的學習。由於老年人學習經驗
需要和利益，學習會滿足，他們成為
主動地學習。通常情況下，他們學習的方向是lifecentered，
和經驗是最豐富的成人學習。
有''深需要自我指導和個別差異
隨著年齡的增加人與人之間的''（Beisgen＆Kraitchman，2003年，
山口72）。為了滿足需要與家人保持聯繫
或控制自己的財務狀況，年齡較大的學員可能要學習
對技術和如何使用電子郵件和互聯網。這樣
技能，可以讓他們的能力，電子郵件孫子或支票
投資在線。
有時被稱為數字鴻溝，有一個社會經濟和
人口之間的分工和那些誰使用電腦
誰不（莫雷爾，Mayhorn和貝內特，2002年）。雖然美國
今天是技術驅動，老人人數不足：8％
65歲以上的老年人有Internet接入，而40％
對不足65歲的人口。許多老一輩的成人學習者要學習
技術技能，並且不希望被排除在電腦
培訓（Beisgen＆Kraitchman，2003年）。

ISI(motivation ,older adults,computer)

Cognitive learning applied to older adult learners and technology

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Author(s): Chaffin AJ, Harlow SD
Source: EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY Volume: 31 Issue: 4 Pages: 301-329 Published: 2005
Times Cited: 5 References: 61 Citation Map
Abstract: This article addresses the needs of older adults learning computer skills and the place of technology, especially the computer, in enhancing their lives. A model is discussed that illuminates the process used by older adults to learn computer skills. The model may be used to analyze and provide specific aid for common difficulties of the aged. Suggestions and recommendations are proposed that facilitate the older adult learner's use of computers. One of the underlying assumptions for the model is that the fundamental interests of the learner can be discerned and, with careful preparation by the teacher, motivation will follow.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
KeyWords Plus: COMPUTER ANXIETY; AGE-DIFFERENCES; HEALTH; INFORMATION; PERFORMANCE; EXPERIENCE; EDUCATION; INTERNET; QUALITY; PEOPLE
適用於老年人認知學習成人學習者和技術

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作者（補）：查芬歐塞爾，哈洛可持續發展
來源：教育老年學卷：31期：4頁：301-329出版日期：2005年
引用次數：5引用：61引文地圖
摘要：本文針對老年人的需要學習計算機技能和技術的地方，尤其是計算機，提高他們的生活。討論了一個模型，闡明了使用過程中老年人學習計算機技能。該模型可以用來分析和提供具體援助的共同困難的老年人。提出意見和建議，以促進老成年學習者的使用電腦。其中一個基本假設的模式是根本利益的學習者可以看出，並可由教師精心準備，積極性會隨之而來。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
關鍵字加：電腦焦慮，年齡，差異，衛生，信息，業績，經驗，教育，互聯網，質量，人

A novel goal-oriented approach for training older adult computer novices: Beyond the effects of individual-difference factors

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Author(s): Hollis-Sawyer LA, Sterns HL
Source: EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY Volume: 25 Issue: 7 Pages: 661-684 Published: OCT-NOV 1999
Times Cited: 4 References: 57 Citation Map
Abstract: The present research evaluated a goal-oriented training approach in comparison to a more standard training approach (i.e., verbal persuasion). The goal-oriented approach combined participatory goal setting with performance feedback to enhance training with older adults. One hundred and six,computer novices, ranging in age from 50-89 years, were randomly assigned to one of the two training conditions and individually participated in two consecutive days of computer spreadsheet training. As hypothesized, Goal-oriented trainees generally achieved significantly greater mean changes in both computer attitudinal/efficacy and computer task proficiency measures (e.g., task completion time). Verbal Persuasion trainees also exhibited significant changes in both types of training outcomes but to a lesser extent than Goal-oriented trainees. Controlling for scores on intellectual ability (crystallized, fluid) and the "big five" personality dimensions through analysis of covariance did not significantly change study results.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
KeyWords Plus: SELF-EFFICACY; TASK-PERFORMANCE; WORK MOTIVATION; ACQUISITION; AGE; SATISFACTION; SKILLS
一種新的目標為導向的方法訓練成人舊電腦初學者：除了影響個體差異因素

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作者（補）：霍利斯-索耶洛杉磯，斯滕斯HL
來源：教育老年學卷：25期：7頁：661-684出版日期：10月，1999年11月
被引頻次：4引用：57引文地圖
摘要：本研究評估了以目標為導向的培訓方式相比，一個更加規範的培訓方式（即口頭說服）。在目標導向的方法相結合的參與目標設定的績效反饋，以提高培訓老年人。一百零六個，電腦新手，年齡從 50-89歲，被隨機分配到一個兩個訓練條件及個別參加了連續兩天的電腦試算表訓練。由於假設，目標為導向的學員普遍取得了顯著變化是更大的計算機都態度 /工作能力和計算機效能的措施（如任務完成時間）。言語說服學員也表現出顯著變化，這兩種類型的培訓效果，但在較小的程度上比目標為導向的學員。關於知識產權的得分控制能力（結晶，液）和“大五”人格維度，通過協方差分析無顯著變化的研究結果。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
關鍵字加：自我效能;任務的性能，工作動機，收購，年齡，滿意度，技能

ISI(technology acceptance model,older adults)

Digital inclusiveness - Longitudinal study of Internet adoption by older adults

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Author(s): Lam JCY, Lee MKO
Source: JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS Volume: 22 Issue: 4 Pages: 177-206 Published: SPR 2006
Times Cited: 10 References: 48 Citation Map
Abstract: In order to build a digital inclusive society, both government and nongovernment organizations in countries such as China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States have been offering training programs to the general public and establishing communitywide public access computer facilities in recent years. However, offering training programs and enabling access to facilities are not sufficient on their own if, due to other reasons, the socially disadvantaged groups do not choose to make use of the facilities. As an exploratory investigation, this study focuses on the voluntary adoption of these facilities (typified by the Internet) by one such disadvantaged group-older adults. In particular, this study investigates the role of Internet self-efficacy and Outcome expectations in older adults' usage of the Internet through a three-part longitudinal study, involving almost 1,000 participants. A theoretical model based on social cognitive theory was developed and empirically tested through both surveys and lab experiments. Behavioral modeling training courses were offered to adults age 55 or older in the study over a one-year period. Questionnaire surveys and cognitive knowledge assessments were conducted. In general, the findings in the longitudinal study (including three repeated measures) validated the affects of Internet self-efficacy and outcome expectations on usage intention, and the important roles of support and encouragement in the formation of self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Author Keywords: behavioral modeling; computer training; digital divide; digital inclusiveness; information systems adoption; Internet self-efficacy; social cognitive theory
數字包容性 - 通過互聯網縱向研究的老年人

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作者（補）：林灼宜，李人民聖戰者組織
來源：學報管理信息系統卷：22期：4頁：177-206出版日期：2006年戰略石油儲備
被引頻次：10引用：48引文地圖
摘要：為了建立一個數碼共融的社會，政府和非政府組織在一些國家，例如中國，日本，韓國，新加坡，台灣，英國和美國已提供培訓方案，以廣大市民和建立社區範圍公眾電腦設施，近幾年。不過，提供培訓課程，使進入設施不足自己如果由於其他原因，在社會上處於不利地位的群體不選擇利用的設施。作為一個探索性調查，本研究著重於自願通過這些設施（典型的互聯網）由這樣一個弱勢群體的老年人。特別是，本研究探討的作用，互聯網自我效能與預期結果在年齡較大的成年人使用互聯網，通過一個三部分組成的縱向研究，涉及近1000人參加。一個理論模型的基礎上開發了社會認知理論和實證檢驗，通過這兩項調查和試驗研究。行為建模培訓課程，提供55歲以上的成年人在研究了一年時間。認知知識問卷調查和評估進行。一般來說，在縱向研究結果（包括3次重複的措施）驗證了影響互聯網自我效能和結果的期望對使用意圖，而重要的作用的支持與鼓勵，形成自我效能和結果的期望。限制和影響進行了討論。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
作者關鍵詞：行為建模，計算機培訓，數字鴻溝，數字包容性;通過信息系統，互聯網的自我效能，社會認知理論

990525-1 ISI資料庫蒐尋

Topic=(ICT) AND Topic=(elderly)
Timespan=All Years. Databases=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI.
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Exploring the Digital Divide in an Australian Regional City: a case study of Albury

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Author(s): Atkinson J (Atkinson, John)1, Black R (Black, Rosemary)1, Curtis A (Curtis, Allan)1
Source: AUSTRALIAN GEOGRAPHER Volume: 39 Issue: 4 Pages: 479-493 Published: 2008
Times Cited: 0 References: 43 Citation Map
Abstract: The 'digital divide' is generally considered to be the gap between people who have access to information and communication technologies (ICT) and those who do not, and an issue of significant social justice. This paper presents findings from research that explored the digital divide within the regional city of Albury. The study focused on assessing whether there was a digital divide; identifying strategies to address any divide; and developing a methodology that could be used to explore the digital divide in other contexts. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and a telephone survey of city residents. Findings demonstrated that a digital divide existed in that there were differences in computer access in relation to income and different locations within the city, and for access to the Internet by age, education and income levels. Overall, the patterns indicated that those with lower education and income and the elderly reported lower levels of access to ICT. Drawing on the research findings we suggest some practical ways of addressing the digital divide that could be applied to other similar locations where a digital divide exists, such as providing technical support and training, improved access to and awareness of ICT services, and facilitating access to ICT services such as the provision of appropriate hardware and software for disadvantaged groups. Our view is that the mixed-method approach we employed provided helpful, reliable information at reasonable cost and could be considered by other researchers and local governments.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Author Keywords: Digital divide; regional centre; initiative; rural; Albury; Australia
KeyWords Plus: TECHNOLOGY
探索數字鴻溝在澳大利亞地區城市：一個個案研究奧爾伯里

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作者（補）：阿特金森十（阿特金森，約翰）1，黑住宅（黑色，迷迭香）1，柯蒂斯甲（柯蒂斯阿倫）1
資料來源：澳大利亞地理學卷：39期：4頁：479-493出版日期：2008年
引用次數：0引用：43引文地圖
摘要：'數字鴻溝'被普遍認為是有差距的人誰獲得信息和通信技術（ICT）和那些誰不這樣做，問題和重大社會正義。本文介紹了從研究，研究結果探討了數字鴻溝的區域內城市奧爾伯里。這項研究著重於評估是否存在著數字鴻溝;確定戰略來解決任何鴻溝;和發展方法，可以用來探索數字鴻溝在其他情況下。數據被收集使用半結構式訪談，焦點小組，電話調查的城鎮居民。結果表明，數字鴻溝存在有差異的計算機訪問相關的收入和城市內的不同地點，並進入因特網年齡，教育程度和收入水平。總體而言，這些模式表明，教育程度較低和收入水平較低的老人報導獲取信息和通信技術。借鑒我們的研究結果提出了一些切實可行的方式解決數字鴻溝，可以適用於其他類似的地點，數字鴻溝的存在，例如提供技術支持和培訓，提高獲得信息和通信技術服務和宣傳，並便利獲得信息和通信技術服務，例如提供適當的硬件和軟件的弱勢群體。我們的觀點是，混合的方法，我們採用的方法提供了有益的，可靠的信息以合理的費用，可以考慮由其他研究人員和當地政府。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
作者關鍵詞：數字鴻溝，區域中心，積極性，農村;奧爾伯里，澳大利亞
關鍵字加：科技

E-learning and the third age

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Author(s): Trentin G
Source: JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING Volume: 20 Issue: 1 Pages: 21-30 Published: FEB 2004
Times Cited: 2 References: 18 Citation Map
Abstract: As a result of the general improvement in living conditions in industrialised Western countries, people aged over 60 years usually reach the 'third age' in good mental and physical condition. Contemporary society has thus had to endeavour to offer the 'new old' not only social services but also pastimes, leisure, social, cultural and educational activities. Among the range of opportunities being made available is that of acquiring skills in the use of information and communication technology (ICT), an area of ever-increasing prominence. This can be seen not only as an opportunity for individual cultural growth but also the basic condition for conceiving a range of practical network-based services and applications of great social significance for the elderly population. This article refers to one of these initiatives, developed in Liguria (one of the Italian regions with the oldest population), whose purpose was to train about 600 over-60s in the use of ICT. What we will analyse here in particular are the results of e-learning activities offered to a sample of participants and with reference to a segment of the entire training process envisaged by the regional initiative. The specific objectives of the activity were to verify the real possibility of proposing short, online learning modules on the use of Internet for older users; to survey users' attitudes/reactions to e-learning; and to analyse the follow-up of distance training activities.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Author Keywords: case study; distance; groupware; ICT use; instruction; third age
KeyWords Plus: ADULT AGE-DIFFERENCES
電子學習和第三年齡

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作者（補）：特倫廷 Ğ
來源：計算機輔助學習體積：20期：1頁：21-30出版日期：2004年2月
被引頻次：2引用：18引文地圖
摘要：作為結果的普遍改善生活條件在工業化的西方國家，人們通常年齡超過 60歲達到'第三年齡'的良好的精神和身體狀況。因此，在當代社會努力提供了新老'不僅是社會服務，而且還消遣，休閒，社會，文化和教育活動。其中範圍正在提供的機會是獲取技能的利用信息和通信技術（ICT），一個地區的日益突出。這可以被看作是一個機會，不僅對個別文化發展的基本條件，而且為構思了一系列實用的網絡服務和應用具有重大社會意義的老年人口。本文指的是其中一個舉措，發展利古里亞（一對意大利歷史最悠久的地區，人口），其目的是培養約 600名60歲以上的在使用信息和通信技術。在這裡我們將分析的結果，特別是電子學習活動，提供給與會者和樣品，參考一分部的整個培訓過程中所設想的區域倡議。具體目標的活性，以驗證真正的可能性提出短，在線學習模塊上使用互聯網對老年人的用戶;在調查用戶的態度 /反應，電子學習，並分析其後續的遠程培訓活動。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
作者關鍵詞：個案研究;距離，群件，信息和通信技術的使用;指導;第三年齡
關鍵字加：成年，差異

990525 ISI資料庫蒐尋

Topic=(ICT) AND Topic=(older adults)
Timespan=All Years. Databases=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI.

ICT AND OLDER PEOPLE: BEYOND USABILITY

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Author(s): Hernandez-Encuentra E (Hernandez-Encuentra, Eulalia)1, Pousada M (Pousada, Modesta)1, Gomez-Zuniga B (Gomez-Zuniga, Beni)1
Source: EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY Volume: 35 Issue: 3 Pages: 226-245 Published: 2009
Times Cited: 1 References: 36 Citation Map
Abstract: This study examined the use that older, regular users of computers make of information and computer technology in their daily lives. Opinions from such users were obtained regarding what they want these technologies to offer them in the future. By means of a discussion group and an online questionnaire, our critical case examined a group of mature senior students from the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (online learning) who have used computers and the Internet in their activities. In general, the participants needed to know the function of the tool beforehand and to have continued support and confidence. In particular, they need the certainty that the future technology will allow them to maintain their independence and autonomy. Older people's adoption of IT needs to be treated as more than merely a question of usability. Attitudes, experience of use, and perceived benefits are also key aspects that must be taken into account.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
KeyWords Plus: TECHNOLOGY; INFORMATION; ADULTS; COMMUNICATION; EDUCATION
信息和通信技術和老年人：超越可用性標準

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作者（補）：埃爾南德斯 - Encuentra é（埃爾南德斯 - Encuentra，油菜花）1，望廈賓館米（望廈賓館，莫德斯塔）1，戈麥斯祖尼加乙（戈麥斯祖尼加，貝尼）1
來源：教育老年學卷：35期：3頁：226-245出版日期：2009年
被引頻次：1引用：36引文地圖
摘要：本研究使用，老年人，普通用戶的電腦利用信息技術和計算機技術在他們的日常生活。從這些用戶的意見，得到他們想要什麼就為他們提供這些技術的未來。通過指一個討論小組和網上問卷，我們的關鍵案件審查了一批成熟的高年級學生從 Universitat Oberta加泰羅尼亞（在線學習）誰使用電腦和互聯網的活動。在一般情況下，參與者需要知道函數的工具，並事先繼續支持和信任。特別是，他們需要的確定性，未來的技術將允許他們保持其獨立性和自主性。老年人的廣泛應用資訊科技的需求被視為不僅僅是一個問題的可用性。態度，使用經驗，知覺利益也是關鍵的方面，必須考慮到。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
關鍵字加：科技，信息，成人，通信，教育

Development and validation of a computer expertise questionnaire for older adults

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Author(s): Arning K (Arning, K.)1, Ziefle M (Ziefle, M.)1
Source: BEHAVIOUR & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Volume: 27 Issue: 4 Pages: 325-329 Published: 2008
Times Cited: 0 References: 9 Citation Map
Abstract: Prior computer expertise represents one of the most important predictors of performance when interacting with ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) and acquiring computer skills. Due to demographic changes, the older adult will become increasingly important as a potential user. However, there is a lack of instruments for the assessment of computer expertise in older adults, especially for novice users with restricted prior computer knowledge. A computer expertise (CE) questionnaire for older adults was developed, analysed (Study I) and validated (Study II). Item-analysis showed that the CE-questionnaire is particularly appropriate for the computer knowledge level of older adults and measures computer expertise sufficiently. Furthermore, it was found that computer experience (in terms of frequency of computer usage) is a poor predictor of actual computer performance, which has important implications for the theoretical conceptualization of computer expertise and its assessment.
Document Type: Proceedings Paper
Language: English
Author Keywords: computer expertise; assessment; questionnaire; older adults; validation study; performance
開發和驗證的計算機專業知識問卷老年人

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作者（補）：阿寧度（阿寧，光）1，Ziefle米（Ziefle，米）1
來源：行為及信息技術卷：27期：4頁：325-329出版日期：2008年
引用次數：0引用：9引文地圖
摘要：在此之前的計算機專業知識代表一個最重要的預測因子相互作用時的性能與信息和通信技術（信息和通信技術）和掌握計算機技能。由於人口結構的變化，舊的成人將變得越來越重要，因為一個潛在的用戶。然而，有一個缺乏儀器的計算機專業知識的評估老年人，尤其是對新手有限制事先電腦知識。計算機專業知識（CE認證）問卷為老年人開發，分析研究（I）和驗證（研究二）。單品分析表明，行政長官會同行政問卷特別適合計算機知識水平的老年人有足夠的專業知識和措施的計算機。此外，還發現，電腦經驗（在計算電腦使用的頻率）是一個貧窮的預測實際的計算機的性能，具有重要意義的理論概念的計算機專業知識和評估。
文件類型：程序文件
語言：英語
作者關鍵詞：計算機專業知識;評估;調查表;老年人;驗證研究;性能

ICT-based health information services for elderly people: Past experiences, current trends, and future strategies

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Author(s): Marschollek M (Marschollek, Michael)1, Mix S (Mix, Stefan)2, Wolf KH (Wolf, Klaus-H.)1, Effertz B (Effertz, Beate)2, Haux R (Haux, Reinhold)1, Steinhagen-Thiessen E (Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth)2
Source: MEDICAL INFORMATICS AND THE INTERNET IN MEDICINE Volume: 32 Issue: 4 Pages: 251-261 Published: DEC 2007
Times Cited: 4 References: 60 Citation Map
Abstract: Although health information is readily available on the Internet and has changed the way people deal with their health in many ways, the retrieval of relevant information remains problematic, especially for elderly people. With a focus on elderly people, this paper summarizes current trends in consumer health informatics, discusses past and present intiatives providing health-information services, and proposes a future strategy for the design of sustainable services. A systematic literature review and a review of past German and EU projects concerned with health information services for elderly people are given. Many publications focus on health information services for specific diseases and on their quality and semantic accessibility, yet few deal with presenting and customizing health information for elderly and disabled people. Past experiences from Germany suggest that very often the specific needs of this target group are not met, and therefore accessibility remains largely hypothetical. We propose a strategy with five key points for the design of sustainable health-information services for elderly people. More research is needed to customize web-based health information services to the needs of the user group that needs them most urgently-elderly and disabled people.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Author Keywords: elderly people; health information services; consumer health informatics; telematics; telemedicine
KeyWords Plus: WORLD-WIDE-WEB; MEDICO-LEGAL MODEL; BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS; OLDER-ADULTS; EDUCATION SYSTEM; BREAST-CANCER; INTERNET; QUALITY; SUSTAINABILITY; INSTRUMENTS
信息和通信技術為基礎的衛生信息服務的老人：過去的經驗，目前的趨勢，以及未來的戰略

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作者（補）：Marschollek米（Marschollek，邁克爾）1，混合秒（混合，斯特凡）2，沃爾夫的Kh（沃爾夫，克勞斯 - H標準。）1，埃費爾茨乙（埃費爾茨，Beate）2，歐村住宅（歐村，賴因霍爾德）1，斯坦哈根，泰森é（斯坦哈根，泰森，伊麗莎白）2
資料來源：醫學信息和互聯網中醫學卷：32期：4頁：251-261出版日期：2007年12月
被引頻次：4引用：60引文地圖
摘要：儘管衛生信息隨時可在因特網上，並改變了人們處理他們的健康在許多方面，檢索相關信息仍然是個問題，尤其適用於老年人。重點在老人，本文總結了當前的趨勢，消費者的健康信息，探討過去和現在 intiatives提供衛生信息服務，並提出了未來戰略的設計可持續的服務。有系統的文獻回顧和檢討過去的德國和歐盟的項目涉及衛生信息服務的老人給予。許多出版物集中在衛生信息服務的特定疾病，其質量和語義可及性，但很少提出處理信息和定制健康老人和殘疾人。從以往的經驗表明，很多時候德國的具體需求這一目標群體得不到滿足，因此無障礙很大程度上仍然假設。我們提出了一個戰略，5個關鍵點的設計可持續的健康信息服務的老人。需要更多的研究來定制網絡為基礎的衛生信息服務的需求的用戶組，他們最迫切需要的長者及殘疾人士。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
作者關鍵詞：老年人，健康的信息服務;消費者的健康信息，遠程信息處理，遠程醫療
關鍵字加：全球廣域網;法醫模型;生物醫學信息;老一輩成人;教育體系;乳腺癌，互聯網，質量，可持續性;儀器

The information aged: A qualitative study of older adults' use of information and communications technology

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Author(s): Selwyn N
Source: JOURNAL OF AGING STUDIES Volume: 18 Issue: 4 Pages: 369-384 Published: NOV 2004
Times Cited: 23 References: 41 Citation Map
Abstract: Although it is widely perceived that older adults should be making more use of information and communications technology (ICT), academic studies in this area have been limited, especially from a sociological perspective. We still know little, for example, about the reasons and motivations underlying older adults' adoption or nonadoption of ICTs. We also know little about the nature of this use and the support that older adults draw upon regarding ICTs. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we know little about the outcomes and "life-fit" of older adults' (non)use of ICTs. Drawing upon in-depth interview data from 35 individuals aged over 60 years (collected as part of a larger research project looking at adults' use of ICT), this article addresses these issues of older adults' adoption, nonadoption, and use of ICT. From this analysis, the article highlights the key issue of many older adults' ambivalence toward ICT in light of the limited relevance of new technologies to their day-to-day lives. The article concludes by considering what steps can be taken to facilitate wider use of ICT by older adults. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
KeyWords Plus: INTERNET USE; LIFE; COMPUTERS; RELEVANCE; PEOPLE
老年人的信息：一個定性研究年長者的使用信息和通信技術

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作者（補）：塞爾溫 ñ
資料來源：2002年第老化研究體積：18期：4頁：369-384出版日期：2004年11月
被引頻次：23引用：41引文地圖
摘要：雖然人們普遍認為是老年人應該更多地利用信息和通信技術（ICT），學術研究，這方面是有限的，特別是從社會學的角度。我們仍然知之甚少，例如，關於原因和動機的根本年長者的收養或nonadoption的信息通信技術。我們還不太了解這種使用的性質和支持老年人借鑒有關信息通信技術。最後，也許是最重要的是，我們知之甚少的成果和“生活適應”的年長者的（非）利用信息通信技術。同時利用深入訪談資料由35歲以上60歲個人（收集的一部分尋找一個更大的研究項目，在成年人使用信息和通信技術），本文針對這些問題的年長者的採用，nonadoption和使用信息和通信技術。從這樣的分析，文章強調的關鍵問題很多年長者的矛盾心理對信息和通信技術在光的有限相關的新技術，其日常工作的日常生活。文章最後提出，可考慮採取什麼步驟，以便更廣泛地利用信息和通信技術的老年人。 （三）2004愛思唯爾公司保留所有權利。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
關鍵字加：因特網的使用;生活;電腦;相關性，人們

Older adults' use of information and communications technology in everyday life

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Author(s): Selwyn N, Gorard S, Furlong J, Madden L
Source: AGEING AND SOCIETY Volume: 23 Pages: 561-582 Part: Part 5 Published: SEP 2003
Times Cited: 33 References: 46 Citation Map
Abstract: Social commentators in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States are beginning to recognise that encouraging older adults' use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is essential for the creation of bona fide information societies. To date, however, few studies have examined in detail older adults' access to and use of ICTs. This important aspect of the interaction between population ageing and societal change is more complex than the published literature's portrayal of a dichotomy between 'successful users' and 'unsuccessful non-users'. The paper examines the extent and nature of ICT access and use by older adults in their everyday lives. Information was collected from a sub-sample of 352 adults aged 60 or more years taken from a large household survey of ICT use in England and Wales among 1,001 people. The findings suggest that using a computer is not only a minority activity amongst older adults but also highly stratified by gender, age, marital status and educational background. Conversely, non-use of computers can be attributed to their low relevance and 'relative advantage' to older people. The paper concludes by considering how political and academic assumptions about older people and ICTs might be refocused, away from trying to 'change' older adults, and towards involving them in changing ICT.
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Author Keywords: computers; information and communications technology; older adults; digital divide
年長者的使用信息和通信技術在日常生活中

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作者（補）：塞爾溫氮，戈拉德秒，弗朗J，馬登 L
來源：老齡化與社會 LEGN體積：23頁：561-582部分：第一部分5發布日期：2003年9月
被引頻次：33引用：46引文地圖
摘要：社會評論家在一些國家，例如英國和美國已開始認識到，鼓勵年齡較大的成年人利用信息和通信技術（ICT）是必不可少的創造真正的信息社會。但迄今為止，很少有研究詳細研究年長者的獲得和使用信息通信技術。這一重要的方面之間的相互作用人口老齡化和社會的變化是複雜得多的出版文獻的寫照之間的二分法的成功用戶'和'不成功非用戶。本文探討的範圍和性質的獲取和利用信息和通信技術老年人在他們的日常生活。資料收集的子樣的352名60歲或以上的成年人年取自大住戶調查信息和通信技術的使用在英格蘭和威爾士之間的1,001人。研究結果表明，使用電腦，不僅是少數人的活動之間的老年人，但也高度分層，按性別，年齡，婚姻狀況及教育背景。相反，不使用計算機可以歸因於他們的相關性和低的相對優勢的年長人士。文章最後考慮如何政治和學術的假設老年人和信息通信技術可能被重新定位，要遠離'改變'老年人，以及對涉及他們在不斷變化的信息和通信技術。
文件類型：第
語言：英語
作者關鍵詞：計算機，信息和通訊技術;老年人;數字鴻溝

ICT-based health information services for elderly people: Past experiences, current trends, and future strategies

Author(s): Marschollek M (Marschollek, Michael)1, Mix S (Mix, Stefan)2, Wolf KH (Wolf, Klaus-H.)1, Effertz B (Effertz, Beate)2, Haux R (Haux, Reinhold)1, Steinhagen-Thiessen E (Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth)2
Source: MEDICAL INFORMATICS AND THE INTERNET IN MEDICINE Volume: 32 Issue: 4 Pages: 251-261 Published: DEC 2007
Times Cited: 4 References: 60 Citation Map
Abstract: Although health information is readily available on the Internet and has changed the way people deal with their health in many ways, the retrieval of relevant information remains problematic, especially for elderly people. With a focus on elderly people, this paper summarizes current trends in consumer health informatics, discusses past and present intiatives providing health-information services, and proposes a future strategy for the design of sustainable services. A systematic literature review and a review of past German and EU projects concerned with health information services for elderly people are given. Many publications focus on health information services for specific diseases and on their quality and semantic accessibility, yet few deal with presenting and customizing health information for elderly and disabled people. Past experiences from Germany suggest that very often the specific needs of this target group are not met, and therefore accessibility remains largely hypothetical. We propose a strategy with five key points for the design of sustainable health-information services for elderly people. More research is needed to customize web-based health information services to the needs of the user group that needs them most urgently-elderly and disabled people.
儘管衛生信息，隨時可在因特網上，並改變了人們處理他們的健康在許多方面，檢索相關信息仍然是個問題，尤其適用於老年人。重點在老人，本文總結了當前的趨勢，消費者的健康信息，探討過去和現在 intiatives提供衛生信息服務，並提出了未來戰略的設計可持續的服務。有系統的文獻回顧和檢討過去的德國和歐盟的項目涉及衛生信息服務的老人給予。許多出版物集中在衛生信息服務的特定疾病，其質量和語義可及性，但很少提出處理信息和定制健康老人和殘疾人。從以往的經驗表明，很多時候德國的具體需要這一目標的群體是沒有達到，因此在很大程度上無障礙假設。我們提出了一個戰略，5個關鍵點的設計可持續的健康信息服務的老人。需要更多的研究來定制網絡為基礎的衛生信息服務的需求的用戶組，他們最迫切需要的長者及殘疾人士。
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Author Keywords: elderly people; health information services; consumer health informatics; telematics; telemedicine
KeyWords Plus: WORLD-WIDE-WEB; MEDICO-LEGAL MODEL; BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS; OLDER-ADULTS; EDUCATION SYSTEM; BREAST-CANCER; INTERNET; QUALITY; SUSTAINABILITY; INSTRUMENTS
Reprint Address: Marschollek, M (reprint author), Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Med Informat, Muehlenpfordstr 23, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
Addresses:
1. Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Med Informat, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
2. Charite Univ Med Berlin, Res Grp Geriatr, Evangel Geriatriezentrum, Berlin, Germany
E-mail Addresses: m.marschollek@mi.tu-bs.de
Publisher: TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND
Subject Category: Computer Science, Information Systems; Health Care Sciences & Services; Medical Informatics
IDS Number: 256QD
ISSN: 1463-9238
DOI: 10.1080/14639230701692736

1. Introduction
The availability of information and communication technologies and information services has revolutionized our lives in many aspects and has affected many different areas of life.
Health as one fundamental topic of universal interest is no exception.
Health-information websites on the Internet such as MedlinePlus are accessed by millions of people: MedlinePlus reported 215 million page views and 24.2 million unique visitors just in the second quarter of the year 2006 [1].
Many persons gather extensive information about diseases as well as diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures and alternatives before or in addition to consulting a physician [2].
In 2004, the SeniorNet organization conducted a survey on its members’ interests when using the Internet and reported that ‘searching for health information’ (37%) is only seconded by ‘sending emails or photos’ [3].
該供應信息和通信技術和信息服務在我們的生活發生了革命性的許多方面，並已影響到許多不同領域的生活。
健康作為一項基本議題的普遍興趣也不例外。
衛生信息網站在互聯網上，如一個存放被訪問數以百萬計的人：一個存放報導頁面瀏覽量 2.15億和24.2萬獨立訪客只是在第二季度的2006年[1]。
許多人收集的大量信息，以及對疾病的診斷和
治療前的程序和辦法或除了諮詢醫師 [2]。
2004年，SeniorNet組織進行的一項調查其成員的利益時，使用互聯網，並報告說'尋找健康信息'（37％）是唯一由借調'發送電子郵件或照片'[3]。
Along with the obvious advantages of the availability of extensive health information on the Internet come the inherent drawbacks and problems:
1.Quality of information: The majority of health information resources on the Internet are not run professionally and do not contain materials peer-reviewed by independent health professionals.
Though most offers are certainly well meant and informative, several cases of misleading or severely biased information have been reported [4 – 6].
Different initiatives have been started to ensure the quality of health-related electronic sources [7].
One prominent example is the Health On the Net (HON) foundation (http://www.hon.ch)
which introduced the HONcode, a code of conduct that defines a set of rules to be abided by developers of websites with health-related content.
The code has been followed for more than 120,000 websites (as of April 2006 [8]).
In Germany, many health websites are Afgis-certified (aktionsforum gesundheitsinformationssystem e.V., http://www.logo.afgis.de), providing additional data about the source of information, aims, authors, etc.
2. Information overload and retrieval problems: As there is an abundance as well as a rapid change in health information on the Internet [9], it becomes difficult first to find the
relevant information and second to interpret and understand it.
This holds true especially for people who are not familiar with different search strategies.
3. Unconsidered consumer needs: Health information services are accessed by groups of different characteristics as far as age, education, and informational needs are concerned.
Many services do not consider these differences and lack psychologically elaborated and target-group-oriented offers of information [10].
4. The access problem: There are still people who either do not have access to IT-based healthinformation resources or do not know how to use them.
Although, for example, in Germany 68.6% of the households own a PC and 54.6% of all households have access to the Internet, despite numerous efforts for many elderly people, the ‘digital barrier’ remains [11].
In the first quarter of 2005, 27% of people aged 55 or older have accessed the
Internet [12].
The older people are, the less likely they are to use the Internet [13,14], despite the growing demand for health-information services.
伴隨著明顯的優勢，提供廣泛的健康信息在互聯網上出現固有的缺點和問題：
一，質量信息：大部分衛生信息資源在互聯網上是無法運行的專業，不包含材料同行審查由獨立的衛生專業人員。
雖然大多數優惠肯定善意和知識性，幾起案件或嚴重偏見的誤導信息的報導 [4 - 6]。
不同的舉措已經開始，以確保質量與健康有關的電子來源 [7]。
一個突出的例子是在網絡上的健康（漢）基礎（http://www.hon.ch）
其中介紹了HONcode認證，一個行為準則，它定義一組規則得到遵守發展商的網站與健康相關的內容。
該代碼一直沿用超過 12萬網站（截至2006年4月[8]）。
在德國，許多健康網站 Afgis認證（aktionsforum gesundheitsinformationssystem電子伏特，http://www.logo.afgis.de），提供額外的數據信息的來源，目的，作者等
2。信息超載和檢索問題：由於是豐富以及快速變化的健康信息在互聯網上[9]，它變得困難首先找到
有關資料，二來解釋和理解。
這也是如此，尤其是人誰不熟悉的不同的搜索策略。
3。未被考慮消費者的需求：衛生信息服務進行訪問的群體不同特點，在年齡，教育和信息需求的關注。
許多服務不認為這些分歧和缺乏心理上的闡述和目標群為導向提供信息[10]。
4。訪問問題：誰還有人既沒有機會接觸資訊科技為基礎的healthinformation資源或不知道如何使用它們。
雖然，例如，在德國 68.6％的家庭擁有個人電腦和54.6％的家庭已經上網，儘管多次努力，對許多老人，'數字障礙的遺體 [11]。
在2005年第一季度，27％的人已年滿 55歲或以上的訪問
互聯網 [12]。
年長的人，越有可能是他們使用互聯網 [13,14]，儘管不斷增長的需求對衛生信息服務。

The aims of the research presented in this paper—with a focus on elderly people—are:
1. to summarize current trends in consumer health informatics (section 3.1);
2. to show—by means of presenting exemplary initiatives and projects from Germany—a
critical survey of past activities in using ICT for health-information services (section 3.2);
3. to present an example of a German health-information portal (section 3.3); and
4. to discuss the results and give a prospect of and propose a strategy for future developments in geriatric health-information services (section 4).
該研究的目標，本文提出，重點在長者人是：
1。總結目前的趨勢，消費者的健康信息學（第3.1）;
2。顯示由手段提出的倡議和示範項目，從德國 1
關鍵的調查活動中利用信息通信技術來為衛生信息服務（第3.2）;
3。提出一個例子，一個德國醫療信息門戶（第3.3）;及
4。討論的結果，並給予展望，並提出今後發展的戰略中老年保健信息服務（第4條）。

2. Methods
In section 3.1, a systematic literature review of articles related to consumer health informatics for elderly people is conducted.
The basis of this review is, first, a literature review of peerreviewed and PubMed-listed medical informatics and medical journals conducted in the context of the investigations for the section ‘education and consumer health informatics’ of the International Medical Informatics Association’s (IMIA) Yearbook of Medical Informatics for the years 2005 – 2007 [15 – 17], thus including papers published between 1 April 2003 and 31July 2006.
The papers found in the search were reviewed for their significance for healthinformation
services for elderly people.
The review process for the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics and the evaluation criteria used are described in detail elsewhere [18,19].
Second, an additional systematic literature search was done in PubMed/Medline on 14 September 2006 for the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 July 2006 using the search term ((‘consumer’ OR ‘health’) AND ‘informatics’) OR ‘Internet’ OR ‘website’ OR ‘portal’ OR ‘web’) AND ((‘health’ OR ‘medical’) AND (‘information’ OR ‘resource’)) AND (‘elderly’ OR ‘senior’ OR ‘age’ OR ‘older’).
Thus, altogether, 706 papers were found and their abstracts subsequently reviewed and summarized.
Complying with rules for good scientific practice (e.g. [20]), all literature review data recorded by the authors as the basis for this publication have been stored.
Copies of the files can be requested from the authors.
In section 3.2, we provide examples from our own experiences with IT-based halthinformation services and telemedicine projects in Germany, and in section 3.3, we present an example of a German health-information portal for elderly people.
2。方法
在第3.1節，有系統的文獻回顧的文章涉及消費者健康信息為老人進行。
依據這項檢討是，第一，文學審查 peerreviewed和PubMed上市的醫療信息和醫學期刊進行上下文的調查為部分教育和消費者的健康信息'國際醫學信息協會（伊米亞）年鑑醫學信息學 252米Marschollek等。年2005 - 2007 [15 - 17]，從而包括論文發表的2003年四月一日至31July 2006。
這些論文，發現在搜索進行了審查其意義 healthinformation
為老人服務。
審查進程的伊米亞醫學年鑑
信息學和所用的評價標準中作了詳細介紹 [18,19]。二，
另外系統的文獻檢索做醫學 / Medline 9月14日
2006年期間從 2000年1月至2006年7月31日使用搜索詞（（'消費者'
或'健康'）和'信息'）或'互聯網'或'網站'或'門戶'或'網'）和
（（'健康'或'醫生'）和（'信息'或'資源'））和（'老人'或'高級'或
'時代'或'老'）。因此，總共有706份文件後發現及其摘要
回顧和總結。遵守規則，好的科學的做法（如[20]），所有
文獻資料記錄了作者作為依據本刊物已
儲存。這些文件的副本可從作者的要求。
在3.2節中，我們提供的例子從我們自己的經驗與資訊科技為基礎的healthinformation
服務和遠程醫療項目在德國，在第3.3節，我們提出了一個
例如一個德國醫療信息門戶的老人。


3. Health-information services for elderly people
3.1. Current trends in consumer health informatics for elderly people
In the 1990s, a trend towards research in education and information systems for health
professionals could be observed.
The focus now seems to have shifted towards work that aims to provide systems for conveying high-quality health-information and educative materials to consumers or patients, respectively, in order to empower them to make informed decisions and to deal more actively with their health, e.g. by taking preventive measures and changing their lifestyle.
Very often, specific health conditions or diseases are addressed, e.g. genetic diseases [21,22], prostate cancer [23], asthma [24], or diabetes [25], some of which have a high prevalence in—though are not exclusive to—elderly people.
Liu et al. present a pharmaceutical education system for patients that accounts for the patient’s individual informational needs by making use of personal information taken from a hospital information system and by tailoring the information given to the patient accordingly [26].
3。衛生信息服務的老人
3.1。目前的趨勢，消費者的健康信息學的老人
在20世紀 90年代，這一趨勢對教育研究和信息系統的健康
專業人士可以觀察到。
現在的重點似乎已經轉向工作，其目的是提供系統輸送高質量的衛生信息和教育材料，以消費者或患者，分別以使他們能夠作出明智的決定，並更積極地處理與他們的健康，例如：通過採取預防措施，改變他們的生活方式。
很多時候，具體的健康狀況或疾病得到解決，例如：遺傳性疾病[21,22]，前列腺癌[23]，哮喘[24]，或糖尿病[25]，其中一些具有較高的患病率，但並不排斥到老人。
劉等人。目前的教育體系製藥病人佔病人的個人信息需要通過利用個人信息取自醫院信息系統和信息剪裁的病人給予相應 [26]。

A considerable amount of research work has recently been done on criteria and methods to assess the quality and usability of health-related websites—e.g. [27 – 29]—and in a large number of articles, the results, when searching for specific diseases or conditions, are presented and evaluated [30 – 33].
The problem of how relevant health information can be found by laypersons—e.g. by matching consumer queries with controlled vocabularies [34 –36] or by providing assistance in query formulation [37]—is also the focus of some research
groups.
Proactive services are emerging, e.g. in the shape of automated email or phone
messages [38,39].
有相當數量的研究工作最近已完成的標準和方法，評估的質量和可用性與健康有關的網站，例如： [27 - 29]，並在大量的文章，結果，在尋找特定疾病或情況，是介紹和評價 [30 - 33]。
問題是如何相關的健康信息可以找到居士，如：消費者的查詢相匹配的受控詞表[34 -36]或在查詢的制定提供援助[37]，也是一些研究重點
組。
主動服務不斷湧現，例如在形狀自動發送的電子郵件或電話

Another major trend is the emergence of specialized [21] or general health-information
portals.
The most prominent example certainly is the MedlinePlus website by the National
Library of Medicine [40].
It also features a portal especially designed for elderly people, NIHSeniorHealth (http://www.nihseniorhealth.org) which had 1.8 million page-views from 125,000 unique visitors in August 2006 (personal contact: R. Tyler, US National Library of
Medicine).
另一個主要趨勢是出現了專門的[21]或一般健康信息
門戶網站。
最突出的例子當然是一個存放網站由全國
醫學圖書館 [40]。
它還具有一個門戶網站是專為老年人，NIHSeniorHealth（http://www.nihseniorhealth.org），其中有180萬頁的意見，從 125,000獨立訪客 2006年8月（個人聯繫方式：河泰勒，美國國家圖書館
醫學）。

Pervasive and ubiquitous health services is another field of intensive research activity [41],
though the current developments are aimed mainly at gathering information about an
individual (monitoring) and subsequently transferring the original or processed information
to health professionals.
Little research work is being done on interactive user interfaces for the persons concerned—e.g. [42,43]—much less on specific pervasive interfaces for elderly
people.
無孔不入，無處不在的衛生服務是另一個領域的深入研究活動 [41]
雖然目前的事態發展的目的主要是收集信息1
個人（監察），隨後轉移的原件或處理的信息
衛生專業人員。
小的研究工作正在開展交互式用戶界面的有關人士，例如[42,43]，更具體的普遍接口的老人。

The following conclusions can be drawn from the referenced work:
. A considerable amount of research work is done on health-information services for specific diseases, though few original papers deal with health-information services for elderly people.
. The quality and semantic accessibility of website content is a major issue and is addressed by several prominent research groups.
Little work is being done on interface design for elderly people or those with functional impairments.
. There is little research on the implications of ICT-based health-information services and communication on the relationship between patients and health professionals, e.g. [44], where the authors report positive attitudes towards Web-based communication but also technological limitations in practice.
. Proactive systems aiming to motivate healthy behaviour are emerging, though primary
prevention does not seem to be a major issue yet.
At present, pervasive and ubiquitous systems are mainly used in health care for monitoring purposes, not as informationbrokerage tools.
下面可以得出結論從被引用的工作：
。有相當數量的研究工作已經完成對衛生信息服務的特定疾病，雖然一些原始文件處理與衛生信息服務的老人。
。無障礙的質量和語義內容的網站是一個主要問題，是解決一些突出的研究小組。
小的工作正在做的界面設計為老年人或那些與功能障礙。
。很少有研究的影響的信息和通信技術為基礎的衛生信息服務和溝通之間的關係，患者和衛生專業人員，如： [44]，其中提交報告的積極態度對基於網絡通訊技術的限制，而且在實踐中。
。積極主動的系統，以推動健康行為正在出現，雖然主要
預防似乎沒有成為一個大問題呢。
目前，普遍的，無所不在的系統，主要用於衛生保健監測目的，而不是信息經紀工具。

3.2. Past initiatives in Germany
Following the fast-paced progress of ICT for home consumers in the 1990s, there were
intensive endeavours to allow elderly people to participate in this development.
Three motives for this can be identified: first, industry was interested in opening up new markets; second, new ICT was to be used to convey knowledge and information and to empower elderly people to enhance their communication; and third, there was the political intention not to ignore but to include older persons in the technological development in order to prevent social isolation and the consolidation of a ‘digital divide’.
In Germany, associations were set up—e.g. ‘Seniors in the knowledge society e.V.’ (1998 – 2001)—with the aims of promoting media competence, minimizing barriers for seniors to access products and services of the ICT economy, and developing strategies that allow them to inform themselves about and selectively use new technologies.
This resulted in quite a few national initiatives and associations which trained elderly people in the use of computers and provided a forum for those interested in new
technologies [45,46].
While the German initiatives were directed primarily to reduce the barriers for seniors to use ICT, European support programmes within the Fourth Research and Technological Development (RTD) Framework Programme (FP4) aimed to facilitate the access for disabled and chronically ill elderly people [47,48].
Most of these projects, however, failed to demonstrate a lasting telematics-based integration of the target group.
Among the 224 projects within the Fifth Framework Programme (FP5) with the support agenda ‘The Ageing Population and disabilities’ (1998 – 2002), no project attended intensively to this topic.
FP6 at first did not have a support focus on the use of telematics for the elderly, though
at the end of 2005 the strategic objective ‘Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) for the Ageing
Society’ was issued ‘to extend the time during which elderly people can live independently in their preferred environment with the support of ICTs’ [49].
3.2。過去在德國的倡議
隨著快節奏的信息和通信技術的進步為家庭消費者在20世紀 90年代，有
密集的努力，讓老人參與這方面的發展。
這三種動機可以查明：第一，行業有興趣開拓新市場;第二，新的信息和通信技術是用來傳遞知識和信息，並授權老人加強溝通;第三，有政治意圖不要忽視，而是包括老年人在科技發展，以防止社會隔離和鞏固一個'數字鴻溝'。
在德國，協會分別成立，無。 '老人在知識社會伏特'（1998 - 2001），旨在促進與媒體的能力，最大限度地減少障礙老年人獲得的產品和服務的信息和通信技術的經濟和發展戰略，讓他們了解並使用新的選擇性技術。
這導致不少國家倡議和協會培訓老人在使用電腦，並提供一個論壇，為有志於新
技術 [45,46]。
儘管德國的倡議主要是針對老年人的障礙減少使用信息和通信技術，歐洲的支持方案，在第四次的研究和技術發展（RTD）的框架計劃（FP4）旨在促進殘疾人獲得老人和慢性病患者[47， 48]。
大部分這些項目，但是，未能表現出持久的遠程信息處理為基礎的一體化的目標群體。
其中224第五框架內的項目方案（FP5）與支持議程'的人口老齡化和殘疾人'（1998 - 2002），沒有項目參加了深入討論這一議題。
第六框架起初沒有一個支持重點放在利用遠程信息處理老人，雖然
在2005年年底的戰略目標'環境輔助生活（AAL的）的老齡化
社會'發出'，延長期間，老人可獨立生活在他們喜歡的環境信息和通信技術的支持'[49]。

Whereas the majority of German projects were aimed at promoting general knowledge
transfer—partly for health related topics—in some projects video phones were installed in elderly peoples’ homes with the intention of improving communication facilities with service centres.
The first of these projects was the ‘Home Tele-Service Frankfurt’ in which a conventional TV set was used [50].
The ‘TeleReha’ project of the Geriatrics Research Group in Berlin expanded this approach by installing specialized ICT equipment at home with a touch-screen user interface that provided a connection to a professional gerontological service centre as well as a health-information service customized to elderly peoples’ needs [51,52].
In addition to this, the patients’ relatives were also included in the communication network (Figure 1).
The evaluation of the TeleReha study clearly proved the need for such a communication network but also revealed that customized interfaces for disabled people, individual support, and reasonable costs are vital factors for its usage and acceptance.
鑑於大多數德國項目旨在促進一般知識
轉移部分健康相關議題，在一些項目視頻電話安裝在老人的家中，意圖改善通訊設施與服務中心。
這些項目的第一個是'家庭遠程服務法蘭克福中一名普通的電視機是使用[50]。
在'TeleReha'項目的老年醫學研究小組在柏林擴大這種方法通過安裝專門的信息通信技術設備在國內具有觸摸屏用戶界面，提供一個連接到服務中心，老年醫學的專業以及衛生信息服務定制老人人民的需要[51,52]。
除了這個，病人的親屬，還包括在通信網絡（圖 1）。
該評價 TeleReha研究清楚證明了這樣一個需要溝通網絡，而且還透露，為殘疾人定制接口，個人支持和合理的成本是至關重要的因素，其使用和接受。


Attempts to establish ICT-based rehabilitation programmes for seniors with motor disabilities (e.g. following an apoplectic stroke) and their relatives on the basis of these experiences have so far been unsuccessful in Germany.
The reasons for this are manifold.
First of all, there is the German health-care system, with its lasting separation between ambulatory and stationary care.
Besides, economic reasons have to be mentioned, as the costly provision of service concept failed to be funded by individual licence fees yet, and funding by the social insurance system has not been an option because the preventive efficiency of these services so far remains to be proven.
Finally, the lack of adjustment of technology to the needs of the extremely heterogenous group of elderly people was—and
remains to this day—a major reason for the failures.
嘗試建立信息和通信技術為基礎的康復方案，老年人肢體殘疾（如中風中風後 1）和他們的親屬對這些經驗的基礎上迄今已成功在德國。
這個的原因是多方面的。
首先，有德國的醫療保健制度，其持久的分離與動態和固定的照顧。
另外，由於經濟原因，不可不提的，因為昂貴的提供服務的概念沒有得到應有的資助個別牌照費未定，資金由社會保險制度不是一項選擇，因為這些服務的效率，預防迄今仍是證明。
最後，缺乏技術調整的需要極異質組的老人是和
仍然是這一天，一個重要原因失敗。

While there are still no sustainable concepts to integrate seniors into individual care networks, the number of health-related Internet portals is rising.
The impact of these portals is substantial because of their dissemination, but their accessibility for the target group of elderly or disabled people often remains hypothetical.
User statistics of health-related websites neither necessarily reflect their use by the elderly nor allow conclusions on the users’ health status or social situation.
From the experience with outreach clinics’ utilization and own statistics data (cf. chapter 3.3) it can be assumed that a significant proportion of younger relatives look for specific health information in these portals, and not the elderly persons themselves.
On the basis of the experiences resulting from the ‘TeleReha’ project, in particular with the knowledge that the information service component was perceived to be very useful, a new German information service portal—‘Vitanet’—was set up [53].
雖然目前還沒有可持續的概念融入到個人的老人照顧網絡，這個數字與健康有關的互聯網門戶網站正在上升。
這些門戶網站的衝擊是巨大的，因為他們的傳播，但它們的可利用為目標的長者或殘疾人士往往是假設的。
用戶統計與健康有關的網站，他們也不一定能反映老年人使用的結論，也不讓使用者的健康狀況或社會狀況。
從經驗推廣衛生所的利用率和自己的統計數據（參見第3.3章）我們可以假設，一個顯著比例的年輕親人尋找具體的健康信息，這些門戶網站，而不是自己的長者。
在此基礎上產生的經驗，從'TeleReha'項目，特別是與知識，信息服務組件被認為是非常有益的，一個新的德國信息服務門戶 'Vitanet'，成立[53]。

3.3. Vitanet portal for elderly people
Vitanet [53] was launched in 2001 in collaboration with some of the authors of the Research Group on Geriatrics at Charite´ and is an example of a Web portal that on the one hand offers comprehensive information about a wide range of different health problems and disease conditions particularly common in the elderly population (e.g. arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, dementia or common metabolic diseases such as diabetes) and likewise for other
age-related questions concerning, for example, sexual problems or fitness to drive.
On the other hand, it contains practical advice for both the elderly people and their relatives for different home and outpatient-care problems (e.g. how to bed a patient with hemiparesis after
stroke correctly; see Figure 2).
They also can find information and professional advice about the benefits of the different types of health insurance, e.g. the coverage of the three care levels:
short- and long-term care, home care, and institutional care).
3.3。 Vitanet門戶老人
Vitanet [53] 2001年啟動了合作與一些作詞老年醫學研究小組在沙裡泰'，是一個例子，一個 Web門戶，一方面提供全面的信息範圍廣泛的不同的健康問題和疾病條件，特別是常見的老年人口（如動脈硬化，心髒病，老年癡呆症或常見的代謝疾病，如糖尿病），同樣為其他
與年齡有關的問題有關，例如，性問題或健身駕駛。
另一方面，它包含了實用的建議為老人和他們的親屬對不同家庭和門診護理問題（例如如何與偏癱病人床後
中風正確;見圖 2）。
他們還可以找到有關的資料和專業意見的利益不同類型的醫療保險，例如覆蓋面三個服務層次：
短期和長期護理，家庭護理和住院）。