Technology Education Program Development
科技教育課程發展
Any technology education program development effort should take place within the concept of a defined totality.
任何科技教育課程發展的努力應該發生在一個確定的總體概念。
The human adaptive systems (ideological, sociological, technological), are a totality as identified by White (1959).
人類的自適應系統（意識的，社會的，科技的），是一個確定的總體概念（White,1959年）。
White, L. A. (1959). The science of culture. New York: Grove Press.
Human adaptive systems are open systems which are dynamic, tend towards growth and differentiation, and stress a continued renewal process.
人類的適應系統是開放系統，是動態的，傾向於生長和分化，並強調持續的更新過程。
Ideological systems are those that comprise basic belief systems such as values and social norms.
意識的系統是由如價值與社會規範所構成的基本信念系統。
Sociological systems refer to structured relationships among people.
社會的系統是指人與人之間的結構關係。
Technological systems pertain to the manipulation of the physical world to meet
basic needs of survival and to extend human potential (Lauda & McCrory,
1986).
科技的系統是涉及到操縱物質世界以滿足基本生存需求與拓展人類的潛力（勞達和麥克洛裡，1986）。
Lauda, D. P. & McCrory, D. L. (1986). A rationale for technology education.
In R. E. Jones & J. R. Wright (Ed.), Implementing technology education
(pp. 15-46). Encino, CA: Glencoe.
