心得重點
1.適應能力的定義
Broadly speaking it may be described as the ability or capacity of a system to modify or change its characteristics or behaviour so as to cope better with existing or anticipated external stresses.
從廣義上講，它(適應能力)可以被描述為修改系統、改變其特性或行為的能力，以便能對現有的或預期的外部壓力有更好的應對。
We may view reductions in social vulnerability as arising from the realization of adaptive capacity as adaptation.
我們可能會認為減少社會的脆弱性所產生的適應能力作為適應實現。
The term adaptation is used here to mean adjustments in a system’s behaviour and characteristics that enhance its ability to cope with external stresses.
在這裡適應這個詞用來指調整系統的行為和特性，提高其應對外部壓力的能力。
Given constant levels of hazard over time, adaptation will allow a system to reduce the risk associated with these hazards by reducing its social vulnerability.
由於不斷的危險水平隨著時間的推移，適應將允許系統以降低風險與減少這些危害社會的脆弱性。
2.社會資本與適應能力
由社會資本在這裡我們是指一組網絡，協議和流量的信息。
其核心概念封裝“功能的社會組織，如信任，規範和網絡，可以提高效率的社會，促進協調行動”（普特南等人，1993年，第167頁）。
Social capital provides an explanation for how individuals use their relationships to other actors in societies for their own and for collective good, both in material terms and for wider spiritual and social benefits.
社會資本提供了一個解釋，個人是如何使用他們的個人關係，在社會中的其他演員為自己和集體利益，無論是在物質上和精神上的和更廣泛的社會效益。
4.個人適應力與社會適應力的區別
Although the capacity of individuals to adapt to climate change is a function of their access to resources, the adaptive capacity of societies depends on the ability to act collectively in the face of the threats posed by climate variability and change.
雖然個人適應氣候變化的能力是一個獲取資源的函數，但社會的適應能力是取決於在面對氣候變率和變化所造成的威脅，共同行動的能力。
Thus adaptive capacity, as an element of overall vulnerability of a society, can be illuminated through examining the institutions for resource management and their effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy.
因此將適應能力當作整體社會脆弱性的一個元素，透過檢視機構資源管理的有效性，效率和合法性來映照此一脆弱性。
Social capital is made up of the networks and relationships between individuals and social groups that facilitate economic well-being and security.
社會資本是由網絡和個人與社會團體之間的關係所組成，以促進經濟福祉和安全。
Many aspects of adaptive capacity are, in effect, latent in the networks and information of those likely to be affected.
實際上，許多方面的適應能力，潛藏在那些可能受到影響的網絡和信息。
This suggests, though has yet to be tested, that some groups within society may be less at risk than modelling studies portray because of this latent ability to cope in times of stress.
儘管尚未得到檢驗，這表明社會中有些群體可能會比模擬研究所描繪風險還少，是因為其有潛在的適應能力，足以應付時代的壓力。
5.
Adaptation does not occur instantaneously; a system requires time to realise its adaptive capacity as adaptation.
適應不會發生瞬間，一個系統需要時間來實現其適應能力作為適應。
Adaptive capacity represents potential rather than actual adaptation.
適應能力代表潛力，而不是實際的適應。
A high level of adaptive capacity therefore only reduces a system’s vulnerability to hazards occurring in the future (allowing the system time to adapt in an anticipatory manner) or to hazards that involve slow change over relatively long periods, to which the system can adapt reactively.
因此一個高層次的適應能力，不僅降低了系統未來發生危害時的脆弱性（允許系統有時間以預期的方式來適應）或是使危害在相對長的時間緩慢的變化，直到到該系統能被動適應。
6.we must ask ourselves whether a system is likely to implement the necessary adaptation measures in the time available to it in order to reduce risk to a subjectively defined acceptable level.
我們必須自問是否給系統充足的時間實施必要的適應措施，以減少風險到一個主觀可接受的水平。
3.4. Adaptive capacity and the adaptation process
適應能力的定義
The above discussion has gone some way towards developing a conceptual framework of vulnerability and risk, based on the distinction between social and biophysical vulnerability, and on the equivalence of biophysical vulnerability and risk.
This distinction helps us to make sense of the apparently contradictory definitions in the IPCC TAR (IPCC, 2001), by associating hazard with climate variation, sensitivity with social
vulnerability, and vulnerability as defined in IPCC Def. 1 with biophysical vulnerability or risk.
However, we have not yet addressed the issue of adaptive capacity, and its relationship to social and biophysical vulnerability.
3.4。適應能力和適應的過程
以上的討論已經某種方式對發展的概念框架的脆弱性和風險的基礎上，區分社會和生物物理脆弱性，並在等效生物物理脆弱性和風險。
這種區別可以幫助我們，使意義上的明顯矛盾的定義在IPCC第三次評估報告（IPCC，2001），通過關聯風險與氣候變化，靈敏度與社會
脆弱性和脆弱性定義為在警監會投籃。 1與生物物理弱點或風險。
然而，我們還沒有解決的問題的適應能力，及其與社會和生物物理脆弱性。
Many definitions of adaptive capacity exist (e.g. IPCC, 2001; Burton et al., 2002; Adger et al., 2003); broadly speaking it may be described as the ability or capacity of a system to modify or change its characteristics or behaviour so as to cope better with existing or anticipated external stresses.
We may view reductions in social vulnerability as arising from the realization of adaptive capacity as adaptation.
The term adaptation is used here to mean adjustments in a system’s behaviour and characteristics that enhance its ability
to cope with external stresses.
Given constant levels of hazard over time, adaptation will allow a system to reduce the risk associated with these hazards by reducing its social vulnerability.
Faced with increased hazard, a system may maintain current levels of risk through such adaptation; reductions in risk in the face of increased hazard will require a greater adaptation effort.
If hazards increase dramatically in frequency or severity, a human system may face greater risk despite reduction in social vulnerability achieved through the implementation of adaptation strategies.
許多定義的適應能力存在（如IPCC，2001;伯頓等人，2002;阿傑等人，2003年）;從廣義上講它可以被描述的能力或能力的系統修改或改變其特性或行為，以便以更好地應對現有的或預期的外部壓力。
我們可能會認為減少脆弱性的社會所產生的適應能力作為實現適應。
這個詞用在這裡適應是指調整系統的行為和特性，提高其能力
要應對外部壓力。
由於不斷的危險水平隨著時間的推移，適應將允許系統以降低風險與減少這些危害社會的脆弱性。
面對增加的危險，系統可能會維持當前水平的風險通過這種適應，減少風險，面對增加的危險，需要更大的適應工作。
如果危險急劇增加的頻率或嚴重程度，人類系統可能面臨更大的風險，儘管減少社會脆弱性實現通過實施適應戰略。
社會的適應能力
Societies have inherent capacities to adapt to climate change.
These capacities are bound up in the ability of societies to act collectively.
Decisions on adaptation are made by individuals, groups within society, organizations and governments on behalf of society.
But all decisions privilege one set of interests over another and create winners and losers.
Examining the social dynamics and outcomes of adaptation moves beyond simply accounting for the economic costs and benefits of adaptation.
One element of this project has been to explore the nature of these society-environment interactions, particularly the role of social institutions and social capital in adaptation processes.
By social capital here we mean a set of networks, agreements, and flows of information.
At its core the concept encapsulates ‘features of social organisation such as trust, norms and networks that can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating co-ordinated actions’ (Putnam et al., 1993, p. 167).
Some social capital may emerge as a result of economic transactions and activities, but many aspects of social capital do not. Social capital provides an explanation for how individuals use their relationships to other actors in societies for their own and for collective good, both in material terms and for wider spiritual and social benefits.
社團具有內在的能力，以適應氣候變化。
這些能力是在一定的社會的能力，以集體行動。
決定適應是由個人，團體在社會，組織和政府代表的社會。
但是，所有的決策權限一組利益，創造了另一個贏家和輸家。
研究社會動態和成果的適應超越了單純的經濟核算成本與收益的調整。
其中一個要素這一項目已探索的性質，這些社會與環境的相互作用，特別是社會機構的作用和社會資本的適應過程。
由社會資本在這裡我們是指一組網絡，協議和流量的信息。
其核心概念封裝“功能的社會組織，如信任，規範和網絡，可以提高效率的社會，促進協調行動”（普特南等人，1993年，第167頁）。
一些社會資本可能出現的結果是經濟交易和活動，但許多方面的社會資本沒有。社會資本提供了一個解釋如何使用他們的個人關係，在社會中的其他演員為自己和集體利益，無論是在物質上和精神上的和更廣泛的社會效益。
國家的適應能力
The nature of the relationships between state and civil society and the relative role of each in adaptation has been explored in a series of conceptual and empirical papers (Adger, 2001, 2003, 2004; Tomkins and Adger 2003).
The conceptual work argues that current frameworks promoted by, for example, the IPCC, fail to point out the key relationship between civil society and government.
Often distinctions are drawn between planned adaptation by governments on behalf of society on the one hand and autonomous adaptation by individuals on the other (summarized in Smit et al., 2001).
But this distinction obfuscates the role of the state in promoting development paths that cause institutional and technological lock-in and indeed often promote unsustainable practices that reduce the ability to adapt in the long run.
該性質的關係國家與民間社會和相對作用的每一個適應已經探索了一系列的概念和經驗的論文（阿傑，2001，2003，2004;湯姆金斯和阿傑2003年）。
工作的概念認為，目前的框架推動下，例如，警監會，未能指出的關鍵關係的民間社會和政府。
通常區分之間繪製計劃由政府代表的適應社會，一方面，自治區適應個人的其他（總結斯密特等人，2001年）。
但這種區別混淆的作用，國家在促進發展的路徑，導致體制和技術鎖定，實際上往往不可持續的做法，促進適應能力降低，長期運行。
Although the capacity of individuals to adapt to climate change is a function of their access to resources, the adaptive capacity of societies depends on the ability to act collectively in the face of the threats posed by climate variability and change.
Thus adaptive capacity, as an element of overall vulnerability of a society, can be illuminated through examining the institutions for resource management and their effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy.
Social capital is made up of the networks and relationships between individuals and social groups that facilitate economic well-being and security.
Indeed previous research in coastal environments demonstrates that social capital is an important element for coping with climate variability and hazard in the present day.
In the Caribbean, for example, Tompkins and Agder (2003) show that communities find strategies to manage risks through strategic and local networks and interactions.
Many aspects of adaptive capacity are, in effect, latent in the networks and information of those likely to be affected.
This suggests, though has yet to be tested, that some groups within society may be less at risk than modelling studies portray because of this latent ability to cope in times of stress.
雖然個人的能力，以適應氣候變化是一個函數的獲取資源，對社會的適應能力取決於行動的能力，在面對共同的威脅所造成的氣候變率和變化。
因此適應能力，作為一個元素的整體脆弱性的社會，可以照亮研究機構通過對資源的管理和其有效性，效率和合法性。
社會資本是由網絡和個人之間的關係和社會團體，以促進經濟福祉和安全。
事實上，以前的研究表明，在沿海環境中的社會資本是一個重要的元素為應對氣候變率和危險的今天。
在加勒比地區，例如，湯普金斯和Agder的（2003）表明，社區尋找戰略風險管理戰略和地方通過網絡和交互。
許多方面的適應能力，實際上，潛伏在網絡和信息的那些可能受到影響。
這表明，儘管尚未得到檢驗，有些群體在社會中可能會少風險比模擬研究描繪，因為這種潛在能力，以應付時代的壓力。
The direct effect of adaptation is to reduce social vulnerability.
Whether or not this translates into a reduction in biophysical vulnerability or risk will depend on the evolution of hazard.
In the case of anthropogenic greenhouse warming and any associated changes in climate, the only certain way of reducing risk is therefore via a combination of adaptation and mitigation strategies, the purpose of the latter being to reduce hazards.
In the following discussion on adaptive capacity and adaptation, the term vulnerability will therefore be used to refer to social vulnerability, unless otherwise stated.
Where the text refers to reductions in vulnerability as a result of adaptation, this should be interpreted as social vulnerability, and by extension to biophysical vulnerability only under conditions of constant hazard.
直接效果是減少的適應社會的脆弱性。
這是否轉換成生物物理脆弱性或減少風險將取決於演變的危險。
在案件的人為溫室變暖和任何關聯的氣候變化，只有一定的方式降低風險，因此通過組合適應和減緩戰略，後者的目的是減少危害。
在下面的討論適應能力和適應，長期脆弱性將因此被用來指社會脆弱性，除非另有說明。
如果文本是指減少脆弱性，結果適應，這應該被理解為社會的脆弱性，並由此延伸到生物物理弱點只有在不斷的危險條件。
In IPCC Def. 1, biophysical vulnerability is a function of adaptive capacity, which is viewed as distinct from sensitivity, which we may view in turn as being broadly to social vulnerability.
Given the broad equivalence of biophysical vulnerability and risk (Section 3), IPCC Def. 1 suggests that if a system has a high
capacity to adapt, it is less “at risk”.
However, the adaptation process and the nature of the relationship between the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of a system will be
mediated by the nature of the hazard(s) faced by the system.
Three broad categories of hazard may be identified:
Category 1:
Discrete recurrent hazards, as in the case of transient phenomena such as storms, droughts and extreme rainfall events.
Category 2: Continuous hazards, for example increases in mean temperatures or decreases in mean rainfall occurring over many years or decades (such as anthropogenic greenhouse warming or desiccation such as that experienced in the Sahel over the final decades of the 20th century (Hulme, 1996; Adger and Brooks, 2003).
Category 3:
Discrete singular hazards, for example shifts in climatic regimes associated with changes in ocean circulation; the palaeoclimatic record provides many examples of abrupt climate change events associated with the onset of new climatic conditions that prevailed for centuries or millennia (Roberts, 1998; Cullen et al., 2000; Adger and Brooks, 2003).
在警監會投籃。1，生物物理脆弱性是一個函數的適應能力，這被認為是有別於敏感性，我們可以查看之交被廣泛地社會脆弱性。
鑑於廣大等價生物物理脆弱性和風險（第3），警監會防守。 1表明，如果一個系統具有較高的
適應能力，它是那麼“危險”。
但是，適應的過程和性質之間的關係脆弱性和適應能力的系統將
介導的性質危害（S）所面臨的系統。
三大類別的危險可能會發現：
第一類：
離散經常性的危害，如遇短暫現象，如暴風雨，乾旱和極端降雨事件。
第2類：連續的危害，例如增加或減少，平均氣溫的平均降雨量發生在許多年或數十年（如人為的溫室變暖或乾燥等，有經驗的薩赫勒地區在最後幾十年的20世紀（休姆，1996年;阿傑和Brooks，2003）。
第3類：
離散奇異的危害，例如在氣候變化制度與海洋環流的變化;的古氣候記錄提供了許多例子，氣候突變事件的發生與氣候條件的新的流行百年或幾千年（羅伯茨，1998年;庫倫等，2000年，阿傑和Brooks，2003）。
Adaptation does not occur instantaneously; a system requires time to realise its adaptive capacity as adaptation.
Adaptive capacity represents potential rather than actual adaptation.
A high level of adaptive capacity therefore only reduces a system’s vulnerability to hazards occurring in the future (allowing the system time to adapt in an anticipatory manner) or to hazards that involve slow change over relatively long periods, to which the system can adapt reactively.
In other words, adaptive capacity is a determinant of vulnerability to Category 2 hazards and anticipated future Category 1 and 3 hazards.
The damage to a system resulting from a discrete hazard event such as a storm or flood occurring tomorrow would not be a function of the system’s ability to pursue future adaptation strategies – it is existing adaptations resulting from the past realization of adaptive capacity that determine current levels of vulnerability.
The likelihood of a system adapting responsively to (as opposed to coping with) a sudden short-lived event such as a hurricane is negligible.
適應不會發生瞬間，一個系統需要時間來實現其適應能力作為適應。
適應能力代表潛力，而不是實際的適應。
一個高層次的適應能力，因此不僅降低了系統的脆弱性危害發生的未來（允許系統時間來適應在預期的方式）或危害，包括緩慢變化在相對長的時間，到該系統能適應被動。
換句話說，適應能力是決定因素的脆弱性2類危險和預計未來的1類和第3的危害。
的損害，導致系統從離散危險事件，如風暴或洪水發生的明天會不會是一個功能的系統的能力，追求未來的適應戰略 - 這是現有的適應產生由過去實現的適應能力，確定目前的水平脆弱性。
一個系統的可能性，以適應 responsively（而不是應付）突然短暫的事件，如颶風是微不足道的。
However, a system’s vulnerability to more gradual, longer-term change will be a function of it’s ability to adapt incrementally and responsively, and its vulnerability to discrete hazards occurring in the future will be a function of its ability to anticipate and pre-empt those hazards via appropriate planned adaptation strategies.
The rate at which risk (or biophysical vulnerability) associated with a particular type of hazard is reduced (or increased) will depend on the timescales associated with the implementation of adaptation measures (i.e. the realisation of adaptive capacity as adaptation) and also on the timescales associated with the evolution or occurrence of the hazard in question (in the case of global-scale anthropogenic climate change the latter will be influenced by global development pathways and the extent to which mitigation is pursued).
In other words, we must ask ourselves whether a system is likely to implement the necessary adaptation measures in the time available to it in order to reduce risk to a subjectively defined acceptable level.
但是，一個系統的脆弱性更加漸進的，長期的變化將是一個函數它的適應能力逐步和responsively，其脆弱性離散危害發生的未來將是一個函數它能夠預測和先發製人的通過適當的危害計劃的適應戰略。
的速率風險（或生物物理漏洞）與特定類型的危險降低（或增加），將取決於相關的時間尺度與實施適應措施（即實現適應能力作為調整），並在時間尺度與進化或發生危險的問題（的情況下，全球規模的人為氣候變化，後者將受到全球發展途徑和在何種程度上緩解是追求）。
換句話說，我們必須自問系統是否可能實施必要的適應措施，提供給它的時間，以減少風險的一個主觀確定可接受的水平。
For example, global mean sea level is expected to rise by a maximum of around 45 cm by 2050 (Sear et al., 2001).
While many countries are currently vulnerable to a 45 cm sea
level rise (assuming no further adaptation were to occur over the next half-century), for this particular threat we are concerned with future vulnerability, perhaps assessed in terms of the ability to cope with a given annual or decadal rise in sea levels up until the
middle of the twenty first century.
The risk posed to a country or coastal zone by sea level rise will depend on the rate at which it occurs, the system or region’s existing vulnerability, and the rate at which the system can adapt (c.f. IPCC Def. 1).
Existing (social) vulnerability is important as it constitutes the “baseline” from which any reduction of vulnerability to “acceptable” levels via adaptation must take place.
Risk assessments for sea level rise typically examine the risk associated with a given increase in sea level assuming current levels of social vulnerability, perhaps modulated by changes in population density (Nicholls et al., 1999; Parry et al., 2001).
A comprehensive assessment of risk would examine the likelihood of a specific rate of sea level rise over a given period (hazard), and the potential or likely evolution of a system’s vulnerability to that rise based on current vulnerability and the potential or likely amount of adaptation over that period.
例如，全球平均海平面預計將上升，最高的約 45厘米，2050（灼燒等，2001）。
雖然許多國家目前正在容易受到45厘米海
海平面上升（假設沒有進一步適應了發生在未來半世紀），這個特定的威脅，我們所關心的是未來的脆弱性，也許在評估方面的能力，以應付某一年度或年代際海平面上升，直到的
中間的二十一世紀。
風險構成一個國家或地區由沿海海平面上升將取決於它的速度時，系統或地區現有的脆弱性，以及速率系統可以適應（比照IPCC定義 1）。
現有的（社會）的脆弱性非常重要，因為它構成了“基準”，任何減少脆弱性“可接受”水平通過調整必須進行。
風險評估研究海平面上升的風險通常與一個給定的海平面上升假設目前水平的社會脆弱性，可能通過改變調製的人口密度（Nicholls等人，1999年，帕里等人，2001年）。
全面評估風險會研究的可能性特定率海平面上升對一定時期內（危險），以及潛在的或可能演化系統的脆弱性的上升基於當前的脆弱性和潛在的或可能的數量適應在此期間。
